Abstract: A lamp included in electric fences, at one or more posts thereof. The lamp indicates when an electric charge is flowing through the electric wire, at full charge, partial charge or no charge.

Abstract: An irrigation system controller that operationally ties the dispensing of water to the soil directly to the need thereof without requiring continuous monitoring by the irrigation manager. If a preselected water supply period is not sufficient to attain a desired moisture content in the soil due either to an insufficient estimate on the part of the manager or a power or equipment failure or unforeseen change in weather, a warning device or other electrically-operated signal calls attention to the need for the selection of a new longer water supply period or a correction of the power or equipment failure. A pushbutton switch resets the warning system. If the preselected water supply period is sufficient to maintain the desired moisture content, a feed-back loop automatically controls the dispensation of water to maintain the desired moisture content of the soil.