Abstract: An in-pipe turbine has uses in energy storage and circulation. Specific applications are in storage systems working by elevation, smart grid systems, pressure release, and heating/cooling systems. Storage and release of electrical energy are important parts of an electrical grid. A system for storage using particulates is presented. On a higher level, a water system can interact with an electrical grid in order to use and provide electricity and convey water in a more efficient manner. The connection of a smart water and smart electrical grid, which may include the use of an in-pipe hydroelectric turbine, is presented.

Abstract: The special circumstances of working with hydroelectric turbines in pipes require innovations in blade shapes and systems that are presented here. An example is streamlining of the blades greater than that found in traditional hydroelectric turbines.

Abstract: An in-pipe turbine has uses in energy storage and circulation. Specific applications are in storage systems working by elevation, smart grid systems, pressure release, and heating/cooling systems.

Abstract: Hydroelectric turbines in confined spaces depend heavily on nozzles and relationships involving nozzles and related turbine components in order to obtain maximal efficiencies for a wide range of flow conditions.

Abstract: An in-pipe turbine with the use of an air bubble in a new and unique configuration with electronic controls can improve the efficiency of in-pipe hydroelectric turbines.