Abstract: A method comprising, providing a droplet having a first chemical species and a second chemical species on a substrate, and applying a voltage across the droplet to physically repeatedly deform the droplet. In this embodiment, the applying causes the droplet to move with respect to an object located therein and at least partially mix the first chemical species and the second chemical species.

Abstract: A demodulator demodulates a PSK communications signal using a synchronizer, a period window detector, and a logic device. The synchronizer provides a transition signal representing reference edges of the communication signal. The period window detector, coupled to the synchronizer, establishes a time interval based on the period of the transition signal. Finally, the logic device, having logic inputs coupled to the outputs of the period-window detector, yields a logic output signal. The demodulator preferably includes a carrier boundary detector for framing messages and minimizing noise detection in a manner that permits signal strength measurements over a wide dynamic range.