Abstract: A process for the continuous production of melamine from urea by means of a fluidized-bed reactor, wherein process gas guided in the process circuit is used as fluidizing gas and wherein the temperature of the process gas at the inlet of the conveying means for the fluidizing gas is adjusted by adjusting the mixing ratio of a process gas stream guided over a scrubber and of a process gas stream guided past the scrubber.

Abstract: With a method configured to generate process gas that contains hydrogen sulfide and sulfur dioxide for the Claus process, hydrogen-sulfide containing feed gas is burned with pure oxygen by means of several burners opening out into a combustion chamber wherein the pure oxygen is fed into the combustion chamber through a central tube each, the feed gas through a tube arranged coaxially around the central tube and inert gas as purge gas via an annular duct coaxially surrounding the feed gas tube. A favorable option of the method consists in the use of CO2 reclaimed by desorption of laden methanol as purge gas.

Abstract: In a process for distilling polymerization-prone compounds from liquid mixtures of matter which, apart from the readily polymerizable compound, also contain other components and also polymerization inhibitors, the evaporator is operated in forced circulation and at a pressure which makes possible superheating of the liquid with respect to its boiling point at the pressure within the distillation column. This is achieved by transporting the superheated liquid against a flow restrictor, e.g. an orifice plate. The liquid which is expanded and partially evaporated on passage through the flow restrictor is returned to the distillation column. In this manner the formation of an open vapour space in the evaporator circuit after heating downstream of the heat exchanger is avoided in that, in the design of the evaporator of the prior art, formation of polymer deposits frequently occurs.

Abstract: When producing hydrocarbons from fatty acid esters contained in fats or fat oils, the fatty acid esters initially are split up by hydrolytic decomposition into a first stream containing crude alcohol and water and a second stream containing free fatty acids, and subsequently the free fatty acids of the second stream are hydrogenated with hydrogen to obtain saturated hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Method for producing fatty alcohols includes splitting vegetable oils and animal fats under pressure into fatty acids and glycerol in counterflow to steam. The reaction product is physically separated into fatty acids and sweet water containing glycerol. The fatty acids are subjected to a distillation, and the separated fatty acid fraction is mixed together with fatty alcohol at 230 to 270° C. and atmospheric pressure. The wax esters obtained by esterification are hydrogenated to fatty alcohols by adding hydrogen on a fixed-bed catalyst, and the reaction product is separated into fatty alcohols and hydrogen. The wax esters are hydrogenated on a fixed bed of uniformly shaped catalyst bodies produced by extrusion, which consist of the main components copper and copper-chromium oxide and the secondary components zinc, aluminum, iron, silicon and alkaline earth elements, at 180 to 220° C. and 70 to 100 bar(a).

Abstract: A process for deodorizing edible oil in a plant includes generating a vacuum in the plant and filling a degassing stage with edible oil which passes through the degassing and separating stages in succession and is treated concurrently with stripping steam; and heating the batch in the separating stages of the stripping column's upper section to 150 to 180° C., middle section to 230 to 260° C., and cooling the lower section to 90 to 120° C.; scrubbing and condensing vapors departing from the separating stages of the upper and lower sections with fatty acid to get mixed fatty acid distillate; indirectly heating a batch in a first separating stage in the stripping column middle section; and condensing that batch from separation stages vapors of the stripping column middle section and fractionating selectively into a first and second fatty acid phase, respectively rich and poor in sterols and tocopherols.

Abstract: A process and a plant for producing an olefin stream from a hydrocarbon mixture feed stream, wherein the olefin stream is depleted as regards its content of oxygen-containing organic compounds (oxygenates) as compared to the feed stream. The hydrocarbon mixture feed stream is charged to a separation column operated by a thermal separation process, for example to a distillation column, wherein a material stream enriched in oxygenates is withdrawn via a side outlet and removed from the process. The process according to the invention is particularly useful for processing the product streams obtained in the olefin synthesis by an OTO process.

Abstract: When producing synthesis gas from a starting material containing hydrocarbons, in particular natural gas, a feed stream of the starting material is divided into a first partial stream and a second partial stream. The first partial stream is supplied to a steam reformer (4), in which together with steam it is catalytically converted to a gas stream containing carbon oxides. Then, the first partial stream is again combined with the second partial stream and the combined gas stream is supplied to an autothermal reformer (7), in which together with gas rich in oxygen it is autothermally reformed to a synthesis gas in the presence of a cracking catalyst. Processing a starting material with a high content of higher hydrocarbons is made possible in that before the steam reformer (4) and before the autothermal reformer (7) the entire starting material is supplied to a pre-reformer (2) in which the starting material largely is liberated from higher hydrocarbons.

Abstract: A process for continuous production of biodiesel from vegetable oils or animal fats by transesterification with methanol or ethanol to give crude fatty acid alkyl esters, subsequent washing with water in a wash column to remove water-soluble impurities, subsequent drying by vaporization of the water content and subsequent removal of steryl glycosides by adsorption onto calcium bentonite, wherein the adsorption column(s) used is/are regenerated in a first step, for desorption of the steryl glycosides, by rinsing with a mixture consisting of fatty acid alkyl esters and methanol or ethanol, and in a subsequent second step, for removal of methanol residues, by rinsing with fatty acid alkyl esters or with gaseous nitrogen or carbon dioxide.

Abstract: A method for reprocessing a phase substantially consisting of steryl glycoside/fatty acid alkyl ester/water agglomerates, which was formed when fatty acid alkyl ester generated by transesterification of vegetable oils or animal fats was washed with water, wherein the water content is evaporated by heating the phase and subsequently the steryl glycosides are split into their sterol and sugar fractions in the presence of an acid catalyst.

Abstract: This invention relates to the production of synthesis gas by partial oxidation of liquid or gaseous, carbonaceous fuel in the presence of an oxygen-containing oxidant, wherein the fuel, the oxidant and a moderator are separately supplied to a burner and wherein the fuel and the moderator are mixed in a mixing chamber of the burner, before they are brought in contact with the oxidant. To reduce the load of the burner in particular during operation with transient conditions, the oxidant is centrally introduced through an outlet opening of the burner into a combustion chamber and the mixture of fuel and moderator is introduced through the outlet opening into the combustion chamber concentrically around the oxidant.

Abstract: Method for producing C3H5(OH)3 and at least one of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) and fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) includes mixing vegetable oils and animal fats, at least one of CH3OH and C2H5OH and at least one first catalyst to transesterify a portion of triglycerides and provide a first mixture. The first mixture is separated, with a first light phase being withdrawn and fed into a second mixer where it is mixed with at least one second catalyst to transesterify a further portion of the triglycerides to provide a second mixture. The second mixture is separated, with a second light phase being withdrawn and mixed with soapless C3H5(OH)3 to provide a dispersion which is separated by density difference. A phase containing at least one of raw FAME and raw FAEE is mixed with an aqueous acid, washed with water, with the water being expelled to provide FAME and FAEE product.

Abstract: A method for producing a synthesis-gas product gas and a vapor stream includes catalytic steam reforming a hydrocarbonaceous feedstock in a steam reformer. The hot synthesis-gas product gas stream is cooled in a heat exchanger to form a cooled synthesis-gas product gas stream and a first partial vapor stream, which is supplied to the product vapor stream. The reforming furnace is operated so as to burn a burner feedstock in burners, cool a hot flue gas stream from the burners in a heat exchanger to form a cooled flue gas stream and a second partial vapor stream, and separate the cooled flue gas stream into a waste gas stream and a flue gas recirculation stream. The flow of the recirculated flue gas is increased with decreasing flow of the synthesis-gas product gas to obtain an approximately constant product vapor stream by increasing the second partial vapor stream.

Abstract: A catalyst containing a pentasil-type alumosilicates and a binder, in the form of spheres having an average diameter between 0.3 and 7 mm, wherein the BET surface area of the catalyst ranges from 300 to 600 m2/g. Also disclosed is a method for producing the catalyst, wherein primary crystallites of the aluminosilicate having an average diameter of at least 0.01 ?m and less than 0.1 ?m are mixed with the binder, shaped into spheres having an average diameter between 0.3 and 7 mm, and subsequently calcined. Also disclosed is the use of the catalyst for converting methanol into olefins, in particular propylene. Also disclosed is a method for producing olefins from methanol, in which a feed gas is fed across the catalyst.

Abstract: In a process for producing hydrocarbonaceous educts, the starting material is autothermally gasified by non-catalytic partial oxidation by adding oxygen-containing gas and hydrogen at temperatures of 1200 to 1500° C. and pressures of 15 to 100 barabs to obtain a raw gas containing H2 and CO as main components as well as the components CO2, H2O, CH4 and traces of H2S, COS, CnHm, N2 and Ar, and subsequently the CO contained in the raw gas is converted to CO2 and further H2 by adding steam. An improvement of the process consists in that in a pressure-swing absorption process the converted raw synthesis gas is separated directly, i.e. without passing through a wash for removing CO2 and H2S, into high-purity H2 and into a gas mixture containing H2S, CO2, H2, CO, CH4, Ar and N2, the gas mixture is supplied to the tail gas wash of a Claus process, the H2S separated is introduced into the feed gas of the Claus process, and the waste gas of the tail gas wash, mixed with the tail gas of the Claus process, is burnt.

Abstract: A gas scrubber, equipped with heat exchanger surfaces constructed of thermoplates, suitable for cooling and cleaning a hot gas by avoiding an excessive thermal load of the washing liquid.

Abstract: A port arrangement is configured for accessing a demountable component in an interior of an apparatus or container. The port arrangement includes an inner port having a port tube and forming a releasable connection with an internal component. The port tube of the inner port is guided through an outer port that is to an outer jacket.

Abstract: A method of producing dimethyl ether by catalytic dehydration of crude methanol as feedstock in the gas phase includes providing the crude methanol from methanol synthesis, where the crude methanol having a total content of carbonyl compounds of not more than 100 wt-ppm, calculated, as mass equivalents of acetone. The crude methanol is evaporated, and the reaction temperature and reaction pressure are adjusted. A reactor filled with dehydration catalyst is charged with the evaporated crude methanol with a defined space velocity. A gaseous product mixture comprising dimethyl ether, non-reacted methanol and water is discharged. Cooling, partial condensation and separation of the gaseous product mixture are carried out so as to provide gaseous dimethyl ether, liquid water and methanol as products, and the methanol is recirculated.

Abstract: A method for the continuous extraction of impurities, in particular saponification products, from a fatty acid alkyl ester phase produced by transesterification of vegetable or animal oils or fats with a great tendency to form saponification products, by means of an aqueous, acid glycerol phase containing a complexing agent.

Abstract: A novel steam reformer unit design, a novel hydrogen PSA unit design, a novel hydrogen/nitrogen enrichment unit design, and novel processing scheme application are presented.