Abstract: A wheel for use with a bicycle includes a hub for mounting the wheel to a bicycle, a rim about which a tire is mountable, and a plurality of spokes that extend between the hub and the rim. The rim and/or one or more of the spokes have a leading and/or trailing edge, at least part of which has an undulating configuration.

Abstract: A wheel for use with a bicycle includes a hub for mounting the wheel to a bicycle. The wheel includes a rim about which a tire is mountable and a plurality of spokes that extend between the hub and the rim. The rim and/or one or more of the spokes have a leading and/or trailing edge, at least part of which has an undulating configuration.

Abstract: Flight substitution and reroute is accomplished based on frequently updated flow constrained areas and a flight substitution system to minimize the impact of severe weather on the NAS. Each flight is assigned a route, a FCA controlled time of arrival (FCA_CTA) slot, a controlled time of departure, and a destination controlled time of arrival, wherein the flights are sorted according to the FCA_CTA slot to pass sequentially through an FCA. When a flight is re-routed, the subsequent flight FCA_CTA is updated with the FCA_CTA slot made available by the preceding flight. If such an update is not feasible, then the subsequent flight FCA_CTA is updated according to a slot credit substitution give-away method. The benefits and costs for rerouting a flight out of an AFP are input to an optimization framework for providing the best flight time and flight reroute options.

Abstract: A partitioning system includes a decomposer module, a supply and cell commonality computation module, a network structure setup module, a seed selection module, an optimization setup module, a solver module, and a boundary creation module. A network structure is created by connecting each cell to each of its neighboring cells using bi-directional arcs. Each bi-directional arc is assigned a flow value and a cell commonality metric. The optimization program is solved to determine the flow value for each bi-directional arc and to determine a plurality of open seeds. Each determined seed represents one partition. Partition boundaries are created by grouping cells when they are connected to each other via one of the updated set of bi-directional arcs into cell clusters. Cells within cell clusters are merged to create the predetermined number of contiguous partitions.

Abstract: A method is presented here for mitigation of airport congestion problem by manipulating flight arrival times to coincide with expected departure times in order to keep airport demand under a specific limit and optimize utilized capacity of an airport. In one example, a threshold is defined which is related to the airport surface capacity to represent airport's tolerance for accumulation. At the time the congestion problem is overcome, the accumulation rate is not positive. In another example, a threshold is defined which is related to the airport facilities available to a specific carrier and is applied to the flights operated by that carrier.

Abstract: Flight substitution and reroute is accomplished based on frequently updated flow constrained areas and a flight substitution system to minimize the impact of severe weather on the NAS. Each flight is assigned a route, a FCA controlled time of arrival (FCA_CTA) slot, a controlled time of departure, and a destination controlled time of arrival, wherein the flights are sorted according to the FCA_CTA slot to pass sequentially through an FCA. When a flight is re-routed, the subsequent flight FCA_CTA is updated with the FCA_CTA slot made available by the preceding flight. If such an update is not feasible, then the subsequent flight FCA_CTA is updated according to a slot credit substitution give-away method. The benefits and costs for rerouting a flight out of an AFP are input to an optimization framework for providing the best flight time and flight reroute options.

Abstract: A partitioning system includes a decomposer module, a supply and cell commonality computation module, a network structure setup module, a seed selection module, an optimization setup module, a solver module, and a boundary creation module. A network structure is created by connecting each cell to each of its neighboring cells using bi-directional arcs. Each bi-directional arc is assigned a flow value and a cell commonality metric. The optimization program is solved to determine the flow value for each bi-directional arc and to determine a plurality of open seeds. Each determined seed represents one partition. Partition boundaries are created by grouping cells when they are connected to each other via one of the updated set of bi-directional arcs into cell clusters. Cells within cell clusters are merged to create the predetermined number of contiguous partitions.

Abstract: A system for creating as-built or measured drawings is described herein. The invention allows an operator to collect a set of data at a job-site, in such a manner that individual components of the job-site are linked relative to one another and to use that data to create accurate measured drawings that reflect the structure and content layout of the site. A knowledge based system is used to parse the data in real-time to produce a visual indication that the data has been recorded correctly. Error minimizing functions are used to ensure data integrity. The data may then be uploaded to a central computer server, for content-checking, authorization, and archival purposes. Since the invention provides an integrated environment for recording data and creating drawings, the need to translate data between systems is minimized, reducing the possibility of errors due to operator mis-keying or mis-interpretation.

Abstract: A system for creating as-built or measured drawings is described herein. The invention allows an operator to collect a set of data at a job-site, in such a manner that individual components of the job-site are linked relative to one another and to use that data to create accurate measured drawings that reflect the structure and content layout of the site. A knowledge based system is used to parse the data in real-time to produce a visual indication that the data has been recorded correctly. Error minimizing functions are used to ensure data integrity. The data may then be uploaded to a central computer server, for content-checking, authorization, and archival purposes. Since the invention provides an integrated environment for recording data and creating drawings, the need to translate data between systems is minimized, reducing the possibility of errors due to operator mis-keying or misinterpretation.

Abstract: A system for creating as-built or measured drawings is described herein. The invention allows an operator to collect a set of data at a job-site, in such a manner that individual components of the job-site are linked relative to one another and to use that data to create accurate measured drawings that reflect the structure and content layout of the site. A knowledge based system is used to parse the data in real-time to produce a visual indication that the data has been recorded correctly. Error minimizing functions are used to ensure data integrity. The data may then be uploaded to a central computer server, for content-checking, authorization, and archival purposes. Since the invention provides an integrated environment for recording data and creating drawings, the need to translate data between systems is minimized, reducing the possibility of errors due to operator mis-keying or mis-interpretation.

Abstract: This disclosure describes the design and construction of high-precision off-axis optical imaging systems. The disclosure also describes the design and construction of high-precision mounting structures for rigidly holding optical elements in an optical imaging system. The disclosure further describes both a mechanism for highly stable mounting and a technique for high precision focusing of a detector in a complex optical setup. The disclosure even further describes both tooling and a technique used for focusing high precision optical imaging systems. The theory and use of at least these concepts are introduced by examining how these concepts aid the construction and use of a non-contact laser scanning system.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring the profile of an external surface of a part is provided. The system includes a source of light that directs light onto a region of the external surface of the part. The system also includes a linear, light-sensitive sensor, and a lens used to image locations within the region onto the sensor. The source of light and the sensor are located substantially within the same plane such that the sensor detects substantially only light scattered, diffracted, or reflected from the region and travelling substantially within the plane. The system additionally includes a re-positionable mirror that re-directs the light emitted from the source of light to the plurality of locations within the region and re-directs light scattered, diffracted, or reflected from the plurality of locations within the region to the lens and the sensor.

Abstract: A system for measuring the external surface profile of a component using a non-contact optical technique which scans the field of view with a spot of light through a range of angles by utilizing a rotating mirror system and which precisely determines the angular position of the spot of light during scanning.

Abstract: Calibration techniques are disclosed for determining the rigid-body coordinate transformation that will precisely align the coordinate frame of a laser scanner with the coordinate frames of several different motion axes. The theory and use of at least these concepts are introduced by examining how these concepts aid the construction and use of a non-contact laser scanning system.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are provided for measuring component concentration in a liquid containing relatively large particles and relatively small particles. The invention may be utilized for measuring fat and casein concentrations in a dairy product, but is not limited to such use. A polarized light beam is directed through a scattering cell having first and second windows and containing a sample of the liquid. A normal to an exterior surface of the second window of the scattering cell is at or near Brewster's angle with respect to the light beam to reduce or eliminate reflections. A first light detector, positioned at an angle of about 5° to about 45° with respect to the light beam, detects scattered light from a first component of the liquid, such as fat particles. A second light detector, positioned at an angle of about 130° to about 160° with respect to the light beam, detects scattered light from a second component of the liquid, such as casein particles.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring the profile of an external surface of a part is provided. The system includes a source of light that directs light onto a region of the external surface of the part. The system also includes a linear, light-sensitive sensor, and a lens used to image locations within the region onto the sensor. The source of light and the sensor are located substantially within the same plane such that the sensor detects substantially only light scattered, diffracted, or reflected from the region and travelling substantially within the plane. The system additionally includes a re-positionable mirror that re-directs the light emitted from the source of light to the plurality of locations within the region and re-directs light scattered, diffracted, or reflected from the plurality of locations within the region to the lens and the sensor.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for correcting phase shift defects in a photomask is provided by scanning the photomask for the defect and determining locations of at least one defect. Following the determination of the location of a defect, the defect is three-dimensionally analyzed producing three-dimensional results. Utilizing the three-dimensional results, a focus ion beam (FIB) is directed onto the defect to eliminate the defect. The FIB is controlled by an etch map which is generated based on the three-dimensional results. To provide further precision to the repairing of the photomask, test patterns of the FIB are generated and three-dimensionally analyzed. The three-dimensional test pattern results are further utilized in generating the etch map to provide greater control to the FIB.

Abstract: A system and method for measuring the profile of an external surface of a part is provided. The system includes a source of light that directs light onto a region of the external surface of the part. The system also includes a linear, light-sensitive sensor, and a lens used to image locations within the region onto the sensor. The source of light and the sensor are located substantially within the same plane such that the sensor detects substantially only light scattered, diffracted, or reflected from the region and travelling substantially within the plane. The system additionally includes a re-positionable mirror that re-directs the light emitted from the source of light to the plurality of locations within the region and re-directs light scattered, diffracted, or reflected from the plurality of locations within the region to the lens and the sensor.

Abstract: A method of operating a voltage reference element such as a zener diode comprises applying at least two current values to the device in respective periods of time one said value being such as to provide desired reference voltage characteristics of the device and the other being such that the average current during both periods provides a selected power dissipation to set a required temperature of operation of the device.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for correcting phase shift defects in a photomask is provided by scanning the photomask for the defect and determining locations of at least one defect. Following the determination of the location of a defect, the defect is three-dimensionally analyzed producing three-dimensional results. Utilizing the three-dimensional results, a focus ion beam (FIB) is directed onto the defect to eliminate the defect. The FIB is controlled by an etch map which is generated based on the three-dimensional results. To provide further precision to the repairing of the photomask, test patterns of the FIB are generated and three-dimensionally analyzed. The three-dimensional test pattern results are further utilized in generating the etch map to provide greater control to the FIB.