Abstract: Tool arrays for biomedical surgery where the tools consist of layered polymer micromuscles arranged to induce geometrical changes and movements via an electrochemically induced change of volume in at least one polymer layer. The tool or tool arrays are mounted on a carrier having the form of a needle being inserted into a cannula/catheter through which the tools can be electrically actuated via external means to induce a mechanical movement to act upon biological structures.

Abstract: Methods for producing micromachined layered devices having a membrane layer and a first and second layer on both sides of the membrane layer are disclosed. The method includes applying a membrane layer to a substrate, opening a window in the substrate so as to enable the addition of layers from both sides of the membrane layer while the substrate is made into a frame that supports the membrane layer during processing, adding at least one layer on each side of the membrane either simultaneously or on one side at a time, and removing the device from the substrate frame.