Abstract: Force maintaining toggle systems wherein maximum or near maximum force is maintained by a series of step wise toggle engagements. The forces may be applied between spaced objects arranged oppositely or circularly.

Abstract: Pipe handling apparatus for pipe laying barges, sometimes called lay barges, wherein pipe is lifted from an incoming pipe conveyor to a transverse rack, from one rack position to another, and from the rack to the pipe line-up conveyors, by a series of pivotal lifting means which lift, move, and deposit the pipe without impact or shock, whereby the pipe and any concrete or other coating on the pipe is not damaged. In addition to the novel pipe transferring means, the invention presents a novel universally adjustable line-up conveyor apparatus.