Abstract: Super-resolution observation apparatus includes excitation light irradiation unit for irradiating excitation light intended to excite a sample on the sample, excitation light modulation unit for modulating a spatial intensity distribution of the excitation light on the sample, enlarged image forming unit for forming an enlarged image of the sample at an image position from observation light generated by irradiating the excitation light on the sample, image capturing unit for converting a spatial intensity distribution of the enlarged image into digital image data, and super-resolution processing unit for generating a super-resolution image where a super-resolution frequency component higher than a cutoff frequency of the enlarged image forming unit is made visible from one or a plurality of pieces of the digital image data.