Abstract: Apparatus for automatic electronic replacement of a billboard in a video image including an automatic camera orientation measurement apparatus including motion measurement means operative to measure the Field of View (FOV) of the TV camera relative to a known reference position.

Abstract: The position of players which may be persons or other objects such as racing cars, sail boats etc. in a sports event is identified and this data is used to create a 3-D image of the event enabling the event to be viewed from any desired angle and also enabling the data to be transmitted to remote viewers enabling the viewers to view the event in 3-D and also to introduce virtual players to compete with real players in the event and to compete with other viewers.

Abstract: A method of determining the position of a TV camera relative to a patterned panel being viewed by the TV camera including the steps of:

Abstract: A method of determining the position of a TV camera relative to a patterned panel being viewed by the TV camera including the steps of: identifying a plurality of edge points of the pattern from the video signal produced by said camera and using these edge points to calculate the perspective of the pattern relative to the camera.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatic replacement of a billboard in a video image is provided. The billboard comprises a chroma-key surface, and the apparatus includes a video camera for viewing the billboard, and a chroma-key unit operative to detect at least one chroma-key color of the billboard chroma-key surface. A reference color of the chroma-key unit is adjustable to conform to the color of the chrom-key surface, thereby enabling the chroma-key unit to correctly identify the billboard surface and to correctly replace the chroma-key surface of the billboard by a virtual advertisement in a video image with correct occlusion of any foreground object.

Abstract: A position detecting device for an object within virtual set comprises providing the object with an emitting device and using the device in conjunction with a plain or patterned chroma-key background to provide the exact position of a TV camera or alone to provide a position for another object or actor.

Abstract: Apparatus for automatic electronic replacement of a billboard in a video image including an automatic camera orientation measurement apparatus including motion measurement means operative to measure the Field of View (FOV) of the TV camera relative to a known reference position.