Abstract: Procedure based on X-ray diffraction for measuring the stress state of metals, in particular austenitic steels. In the procedure the detector surface (10) is inclined about an axis (A--A) lying on the surface of the sample (20) being examined which is substantially perpendicular to the direction of the stresses (.sigma..sub.xx) being examined. By means of the detector surface (10) the diameters (2S.sub.ax) of the so-called Debye rings in the direction of the surface being examined are recorded at two or several inclination angles (.psi.). The detector surface (10) has arcuate shape, as viewed in the direction (B--B) at right angles against the inclination axis (A--A), and in the procedure is used such as arcuate detector surface (10) elongated in the direction of said inclination axis (A--A) and narrow enough in the opposite direction that an inclination angle (.psi.) of the detector surface (10) large enough in view of the procedure's implementation is feasible.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering various valuable materials in connection with the hydrometallurgical production of zinc. The method is particularly suited for feeding different types of raw materials into the various stages of a process carried out in atmospheric conditions. Valuable materials such as lead, silver and gold are recovered by means of the said method.

Abstract: The invention relates to a metal detector for detecting metal objects in the material passing through the apparatus by means of a magnetic field induced by eddy currents. According to the invention, in the area between the transmitter coil system (1, 6) and the receiver coil system (3, 7) of the metal detector, there is installed at least one electrically insulated but electroconductive and/or magnetic element (2, 4, 5) in order to change the sensitivity distribution of the metal detector.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for manufacturing metal objects, particularly non-ferrous metal objects, by means of extrusion. According to the invention a casting with a cast structure is conducted at or about ambient temperature to the extrusion device, and the casting is subjected to extrusion, at a reduction ratio of at least 80%, within its recrystallization region. The extrusion is carried out according to the Conform method.

Abstract: The purpose of the process is to remove and to recover metals from their aqueous solution by the extraction process. As extractant is used monoesters of phosponic acid wherein the alkyl group is a phenyl-vinyl group or straight-chained and the ester group is straight-chained. The particular advantage of the process is that the metals can be removed from aqueous solutions to be treated without neutralization of the acid quantity produced during extraction, and this acid solution produced can be circulated e.g. to the stage before the extraction. The process can be used to the removing of metals from the industrial waste waters.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for controlling a process operating by means of the electrochemical potential, in which process complex ores and/or concentrates are treated in order to arrange the valuable components in the materials in a form appropriate for further processing and in which method electrodes made of material essentially similar to the materials to be treated in the process. According to the invention an impedance analysis in connection with the measurement of the electrochemical potential is carried out for the material to be treated in process in order to analyze the state of the solid surface and/or the state between the solid material and the intermediary material. The measured values are utilized in the adjustment of the process parameters. In order to carry out the impedance analysis voltage pulses are conducted into the material in at least one frequency and in at least one value of the electrochemical potential of the material.

Abstract: Analyzing sludgy materials by exposing the flowing material in continuous action to x-ray radiation and by measuring the radiation thus created in the said material, according to the invention, the radiation emitted from the material is measured with respect to the intensities of both x-ray fluorescence radiation and x-ray diffraction radiation, and these intensities are combined in order to form a parameter which describes the proportions of the partial components in a given compound combination. Moreover, the detectors employed in the measurement of the radiation intensities are placed at the same cross-sectional plane of the analyzer.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for the treatment and production of material, particularly for the treatment and production of free flowing, finely divided metal powder or metal matrix composite powder. The material is composed of tungsten carbide and at least two components, nickel and cobalt. According to the method of the invention the composite powder is first mixed with the organic binder in order to form powder agglomerate, which powder agglomerate is further subjected to sintering treatment in order to remove the binder and to improve the mechanical strength of the composite powder. Further the composite powder is subjected to classification and the classified composite powder is thermally treated at a high temperature in an at least one-step thermal treatment in order to melt the composite powder at least partially, and in order to mix the various components to each other.

Abstract: The invention relates to a detector window for an analyzer, particularly an X-ray analyzer, and to a method for manufacturing the same. The detector window is permeable to soft X-rays when the window is at least on one surface in contact with a pressure essentially equal to that of a vacuum. The detector window of the invention is a thin film, with the thickness of 0.5 .mu.m, and is manufactured by means of photolitography.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for mixing liquids into each other or different phases into liquid by employing a double loop circulation, created below the surface zone of a reactor. In order to maintain an intensive mixing, it is characteristic of this Bottom Toroidal Roll or BTR principle that the employed mixer has a strong bottom draft and presses obliquely downward, and that the mixer is installed according to the mixing method of this invention and that the flow pattern thereof is controlled in an exactly determined fashion. In our method the mixer jet hits the cylinder surface of the reactor, so that the jet is divided into two roughly equal parts by adjusting this distribution by means of a back-flow guiding member of the invention, which guiding member is located above the mixer. The rolling motion taking place in the reactor is controlled by means of specific baffles.

Abstract: A sealing member used in a portable or on-line analyzer, to achieve a tight seal between a sample and the analyzer in order to perform the analysis in a desired gas atmosphere. The sealing member is a semi-labyrinth sealing member manufactured of metal, elastic material or ceramic material.

Abstract: The invention relates to a measuring cell (1) designed for measuring the contents of the components present in slurries which are in a flowing motion, the measuring cell comprising an inlet pipe (2) and an outlet pipe (9) for the slurry and a measuring window (3). According to the invention, the inlet pipe (2) is placed at a given distance from and in an inclined position with respect to the plane contained in the measuring window (3), in order to direct the slurry jet entering from the inlet pipe (2) to a point that is approximately one internal radius of the inlet passage (2) in front of the center of the measuring window (3).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for detecting metal objects, particularly to improving discrimination in a metal detector, where at least two responses are defined for metal objects passing through the metal detector. According to the invention, the correlation of the responses is examined within a determined time period in the metal detector, and at least one parameter is formed of these responses in order to define the group of objects that caused the response.

Abstract: The invention relates to a flotation machine for flotating minerals and the like from slurries containing these particles. In the flotation machine of the invention, above the feed opening (15) of the flotation cell there is formed a froth bed (11) which is adjustable in volume and/or surface area. The regulating and washing members (10, 13) of the froth bed are arranged within the froth bed (11), and the height of the froth bed is 20-40%, advantageously 30-35% of the height of the flotation cell (1).

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for cleaning the filter plates of a suction drier, which suction drier (20) comprises a tank (13) for the slurry to be suction dried, in connection to which tank there rotates one or several filter disks formed of the said filter plates (14), on the surface or surfaces of which filter plates (14) there is collected and dried, owing to the suction flow passing through the filter plates (14), a filter cake, which is scraped or otherwise removed from the surface or surfaces of the filter plates. For the cleaning of the porous structure and surfaces of the said filter plates (14), there is arranged, in the tank (13) of the slurry to be filtered, under the liquid surface (11), mainly in the surface water area, an ultrasonic vibrator or vibrators (10), whereto ultrasonic electric power is fed from an ultrasonic generator (22). The cleaning with the ultrasonic vibrator or vibrators (10) is carried out esentially immediately after scraping.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method and apparatus for treating waste material mass in a reactor comprising gas distribution members (2, 22), heating members (4, 23) and mixing members (6, 25) for the waste material mass, as well as a waste mass feed member (9, 31) and discharge opening (11, 34). According to the invention, the decomposition of the waste mass is intensified by heating the mass by means of the heating members (4, 23) connected to the gas distribution members (2, 22), by conducting gas onto the surfaces of the heating members (4, 23).

Abstract: The invention relates to a material for electrodes to be used in resistance welding. The working life of electrodes, particularly of those to be used in the spot welding of coated sheets, is now relatively short. The invention introduces a new electrode material in the form of a copper alloy containing, in addition to the conventional ingredients, at least 20 ppm tellurium or other chalcogene, such as selenium or sulphur; owing to this new electrode material according to the invention, the service life of an electrode increases substantially.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for removing sulphur and nitrogen compounds from gases by means of long-chained sulphur compounds mainly in acidic conditions, with an electroconductive solid material serving as the carrier of the long-chained sulphur compounds. The properties of the solid material surface are adjusted to be favourable to the sulphur polymer by means of potential measurements with mineral electrodes.

Abstract: The invention relates to a smelting furnace, particularly a D.C. arc furnace, suited for the treatment of finely-divided material, which comprises at least three electrodes suspended through the roof in order to create the electric arc. The process material is fed in through at least one feed gate (30) arranged inside the circle orbit formed by the electrodes (4, 16, 26) suspended through the furnace roof, which feed gate (30) is provided with auxiliary members in order to create an even supply of the material into the furnace. In order to discharge the gases created in the process, there is provided at least one outlet (20) outside the circle orbit formed by the electrodes (4, 16, 26).The invention also relates to a method for feeding finely divided material into the smelting furnace. According to this method, the material is fed through the feed gate (30) in suspension, either vertically or tangentially.

Abstract: The invention concerns a sensor construction for, e.g., the measurement of gas concentration, including a sensor element; a heating element arranged in conjunction with the sensor, with which the sensor element can be brought to a temperature above the ambient gas atmosphere temperature; and an electronics circuitry section, with which the desired electrical properties of the sensor element can be measured and the heating element of the sensor can be controlled. According to the invention, the sensor element and the electronics circuitry are placed onto the same planar substrate, and the substrate is processed to have adjacent openings around the sensor element area to the immediate vicinity of the area so that the openings extend through the substrate whereby the sensor area is connected to the surrounding part of the substrate and, then, to the electronics circuitry section, only along thin isthmuses remaining between the openings.