Abstract: Improvements in the concentration of solutions in processes involving heating the solution to be concentrated; Processes of solution concentrating where the solution to be concentrated is heated prior to concentration by either direct or indirect heat exchange, including particular concentrating processes where the heating means and media include: (1) high pressure steam; (2) low-pressure steam and (3) submerged combustion; Improved methods of producing and utilizing vapor-liquid phase separation(s) in solution concentrating processes with the vapor phase(s) utilized as a supplemental heating medium applied to the solution to be concentrated; Incorporation of a plurality of counterflow gas-liquid contact stages (cooling towers) as two phases in processes of concentrating heated solution; Utilization in coordination of a plurality of cooling towers and at least one water heater in processes of concentrating heated solutions.

Abstract: Improvements in the concentration of solutions in processes involving heating the solution to be concentrated; processes of solution concentrating where the solution to be concentrated is heated prior to concentration by either direct or indirect heat exchange, including particular concentrating processes where the heating means and media include: (1) high pressure steam; (2) low-pressure steam and (3) submerged combustion; Improved methods of vapor-liquid phase separation in solution concentrating processes with the vapor phase utilized as supplemental heating medium to the solution to be concentrated; incorporation of a counterflow gas-liquid contact stage (cooling tower) as one phase in processes of concentrating heated solutions.

Abstract: Improvements in the concentration of solutions in processes involving heating the solution to be concentrated; Processes of solution concentrating where the solution to be concentrated is heated prior to concentration by either direct or indirect heat exchange, including particular concentrating processes where the heating means and media include: (1) high pressure steam; (2) low-pressure steam and (3) submerged combustion; Improved methods of producing and utilizing vapor-liquid phase separation(s) in solution concentrating processes with the vapor phase(s) utilized as a supplemental heating medium applied to the solution to be concentrated; Incorporation of a plurality of counterflow gas-liquid contact stages (cooling towers) as two phases in processes of concentrating heated solution; Utilization in coordination of a plurality of cooling towers and at least one water heater in processes of concentrating heated solutions.

Abstract: Improvements in methods of and apparatus for recarbonation of lime-treated water with an oil fired submerged combustion burner; establishing a smaller reservoir adjacent a larger primary recarbonation reservoir with the oil fired burner in the former, passing the combustion products out of the smaller reservoir water into the primary reservoir water to recarbonate the latter, flowing water through the smaller reservoir in quantities to cool the burner and remain below boiling point, and passing the smaller reservoir water to one of:1. waste or a sewer; or2. the larger reservoir; or3. part to each of (1) and (2);Apparatus for carrying out such improved recarbonation process.

Abstract: Improvements in the concentration of solutions in processes involving heating the solution to be concentrated; Processes of solution concentrating where the solution to be concentrated is heated prior to concentration by either direct or indirect heat exchange, including particular concentrating processes where the heating means and media include: (1) high pressure steam; (2) low-pressure steam and (3) submerged combustion; Improved methods of vapor-liquid phase separation in solution concentrating processes with the vapor phase utilized as supplemental heating medium to the solution to be concentrated; Incorporation of a counterflow gas-liquid contact stage (cooling tower) as one phase in processes of concentrating heated solutions.