Abstract: Apparatus and methods for determining the impedance spectrum of materials at elevated thermobaric conditions. The apparatus comprises a pair of electrodes in a sample chamber. The sample may be conditioned within the sample chamber by the application of heat and/or pressure. A controller applies alternating voltages across the terminals at a range of different frequencies and processes the frequency response of the sample to determine the impedance spectrum of the sample. By empirically determining the frequency spectrum of the dielectric properties (relative dielectric constant and conductivity) from the measured impedance spectrum at various temperatures and pressures, the effectiveness of electromagnetic heating in extreme environments (e.g., within an oil reservoir) can be determined.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the spatial distribution of materials within a sample using electromagnetic waves. The apparatus probes a sample with electromagnetic waves, measures the response, and determines the spatial configuration based on the measured response.

Abstract: An apparatus for determining the spatial distribution of materials within a sample using electromagnetic waves. The apparatus probes a sample with electromagnetic waves, measures the response, and determines the spatial configuration based on the measured response.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of hazardous radioactive reactor waste materials by separation from the waste of materials having long-term risk potential and exposing these materials to a thermal neutron flux. The utilization of thermal neutrons enhances the natural decay rates of the hazardous materials while the separation for recycling of the hazardous materials prevents further transmutation of stable and short-lived nuclides.