Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods of accurately measuring carcinoembryonic antigen in a biological sample and methods of identifying and treating a mucinous cyst in a subject.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are methods for treating Barrett's metaplasia and esophageal adenocarcinoma and methods for determining mutational load as a predictor of the risk of disease progression from Barrett's metaplasia to esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Abstract: The present invention pertains to a method for topographic genotyping. The method comprises the steps of placing a biological specimen having DNA of a patient under a microscope. Then there is the step of inspecting the biological specimen microscopically with the microscope. Next there is the step of choosing a microscope size target on the biological specimen based on its histopathologic characteristics. Next there is the step of separating the target from the specimen. Then there is the step of obtaining DNA sequences from the target so the DNA sequences can be amplified. Next there is the step of amplifying the DNA sequences. Then there is the step of detecting mutations in the DNA sequences. The present invention pertains to a method for topographic genotyping. The method comprises the steps of separating a section from a specimen of fixative treated tissue. Then there is the step of obtaining DNA sequences from the section.