Abstract: The instant invention relates to a process for the preparation of fluoroanilines of formula (I) wherein a fluorinated nitrated benzene compound of formula (II) is subjected to a catalytic hydrogenation in a liquid medium containing a catalyst, under hydrogen pressure, carrying out a catalytic reduction reaction and, optionally, a hydrogenolysis reaction, wherein the compound of formula (II) is introduced gradually into the said medium so that the content of compound of formula (II) in the liquid remains less than or equal to 1000 ppm by mass, in order selectively to form the compound of formula (I).

Abstract: Cyclic ketones, notably cyclopentanone and 2,2-dimethylcyclopentanone, are simply, economically and efficiently prepared, even on an industrial scale, by decarboxylating/cyclizing a dicarboxylic acid, in liquid phase, in the presence of a catalytically effective amount of a metal or compound thereof selected from among boron, aluminum, gallium, indium, thallium, tin, antimony, bismuth, molybdenum, rubidium, cesium and vanadium.

Abstract: A method for preparing an oxide (P), which includes the steps of (i) forming a solid phase compound (O) based on an oxide containing molecular entities (1) chosen from optionally substituted ammonium, diammonium, diazan-ium or diazandium, the entities being distributed within the solid matrix, and (ii) eliminating the entities (1) from the solid phase compound (O) by reacting the solid phase compound (O) with a gaseous stream containing a break-down reactant for the entities (1), and isolating the resulting solid material (P).

Abstract: The subject of the present invention is a composition comprising:at least one masked or unmasked polyisocyanate in the form of an aqueous emulsion whose mean size is between 0.1 and 10 micrometres and preferably smaller than 2 and larger than 0.2 micrometres,at least one polyhydroxylated polymer, advantageously a polyol, in the form of a second aqueous dispersion whose mean size is between 10 and 200 nanometres.This composition is defined in that the quantity of polyol in the mixture is chosen so as to meet one of the following two constraints:the polyol content, expressed in mass percent, is at least equal to 35-0.75R, advantageously at least equal to 40-0.75R, preferably to 45-0.75R;the polyol content, expressed in mass percent, does not exceed 45-2R, advantageously does not exceed 40-2R, preferably 35-2Rwith R equal to the ratio of the mean size (d.sub.50) of the emulsion to that of the polyol dispersion.Application to organic synthesis.

Abstract: Aqueous dispersions containing: a silicone oil (A) which is cross-linkable by condensation, optionally in the presence of a cross-linking agent (B), into an elastomer; optionally a cross-linking agent (B), a silane (C) and a mineral filler (D); and a catalytic amount of a hardening compound (E). Said dispersions are characterized in that they are produced by kneading a mixture of (1) a silicone phase (F) with a viscosity of at least 3 Pas, containing the oil (A) and optionally one or more of components (B), (C), (D) or (E), and 2) an aqueous phase comprising water and at least one surfactant (G), wherein the weight ratio water/water+surfactant(s) is such that the viscosity of the aqueous phase is preferably at least as high as that of the silicone phase (F); for a sufficient time and with sufficient shear to give an oil-in-water emulsion having a particle size of 0.

Abstract: The invention relates to a new process for the preparation of precipitated silica which has a good dispersibility and very satisfactory reinforcing properties. It also relates to new precipitated silicas which are in the form of powder, of substantially spherical beads or of granules, these silicas being characterized by the fact that they have a CTAB specific surface of between 90 and 250 m.sup.2 /g, a DOP oil uptake lower than 300 ml/100 g, a pore distribution such that the pore volume consisting of the pores whose diameter is between 175 and 275 .ANG. represents less than 50% of the pore volume consisting of the pores of diameters smaller than or equal to 400 .ANG., a zinc content of between 1 and 5% by weight and by the fact that the number N of molecules of stearic acid consumed per nm.sup.2 of silica surface, when stearic acid is reacted with the said silica in xylene for 2 hours at 120.degree. C., is at least 1.

Abstract: The subject matter of the present invention relates to a reagent and a process useful for cleaving a functional group protected by an alkoxycarbonyl group during an organic synthesis. This reagent comprises: a) an aqueous phase; b) a catalyst comprising at least one group VIII element in the periodic table of elements and at least one water-soluble ligand, wherein the group VIII element in the periodic table is maintained in the aqueous phase by the formation of a complex with at least one water-soluble ligand; and c) a nucleophilic compound soluble in the aqueous phase; and optionally d) an organic phase.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of doping a Raney nickel catalyst doped with metals by the incorporation of the doping metals in the form of a complex into the alkaline attack medium. Also disclosed is a process for the hydrogenation of nitriles to amines using said catalyst.

Abstract: Chemically stable, perfluorinated, linear or cyclic polyorganosiloxanes (POS), and a process for the preparation thereof. Antifoams, agents for lowering surface tension, dirt repellents, antiadhesives, lubricants, oleophobic and/or hydrophobic agents, coatings and other compositions containing the perfluorinated POS are disclosed.

Abstract: Chemically modified succinoglycan polysaccharides, e.g., acidic or enzymatic hydrolysates, have a reduced content of pyruvic acid and succinic acid structural units relative to the unmodified such succinoglycans, and are well suited, whether in fibrous, powdery or gel state, for use, e.g., as thickening stabilizing or suspending agents, in foodstuff, cosmetic and a variety of other compositions.

Abstract: Impure gas streams containing contaminating amounts of NO.sub.x, e.g., automotive exhaust fumes and industrial waste gases, are purified by contacting same, in the presence of ammonia, at an elevated temperature, with a catalyst composition which comprises an inorganic oxide support substrate having a catalytically effective amount of a metal oxide active phase deposited thereon, such support substrate comprising at least one alumina, aluminate, titanium dioxide and/or zirconium dioxide and such catalytically active phase comprising at least one vanadium oxide and/or molybdenum oxide and/or tungsten oxide, the surface of the support substrate being chemically bonded to the metals V and/or Mo and/or W and the catalyst being devoid of V.sub.2 O.sub.3 and/or MoO.sub.3 and/or WO.sub.3 crystalline phases, and thereby selectively reducing such NO.sub.x values while minimizing the formation of N.sub.2 O.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of polycondensates of amino acids or of the polypeptide hydrolysates thereof, by bulk thermal polycondensation of amino acids in pulverulent medium, in the presence of phosphoric acid, phosphorus pentoxide or polyphosphoric acid (catalyst) which is uniformly distributed in the said pulverulent medium, optionally followed by hydrolysis. The said pulverulent medium may be obtained by empasting the amino acid and the catalyst with water, removal of the water and grinding.Use of polyimide polycondensates or the polypeptide hydrolysates thereof in detergent compositions.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removal of a phase from a biphase system having an interface between the phases includes a sensor for sensing a level of the phase of highest density arranged beneath and at a distance from the plane of the suction port of a tube and a device for guiding and moving the tube and the sensor with respect to the reservoir, in a reciprocal, rectilinear path parallel to an axis of the tube.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a novel process for the preparation of citraconic anhydride. More precisely, the invention relates to a process for the preparation of citraconic anhydride from a starting material comprising itaconic acid.The process for the preparation of citraconic anhydride may be performed continuously starting from itaconic acid, or continuously or in a batchwise manner starting directly from a fermentation broth of itaconic acid or of by-products from the manufacture of itaconic acid.

Abstract: Objectionable byproduct aqueous effluents containing contaminating amounts of hydroxynitroaromatic compounds, in particular those aqueous effluents produced during the synthesis of nitroaromatic compounds, e.g., dinitrotoluenes, via reaction of an aromatic compound with nitric acid in the presence of sulfuric acid, are efficiently, facilely and economically treated/removed by (a) intimately contacting a mixture of at least one nitroaromatic compound and at least one hydroxynitroaromatic compound with an aqueous wash medium containing a neutralizing agent, (b) separating the resulting admixture into an organic phase and an aqueous phase, (c) recycling a fraction of the separated aqueous phase to the aqueous wash medium to thus constitute a portion thereof, and (d) periodically draining a fraction of the wash medium, whether to destruction thereof or to waste.

Abstract: The present invention relates to new fluorinated hexane compounds corresponding to the following general formula (II): ##STR1## in which X'.sub.2, X'.sub.3, and X'.sub.4 are the same or different, and denote a halogen or a pseudohalogen, preferably a halogen, more preferably chlorine and fluorine, with the condition that, when R.sub.1 is hydroxyl, cyano, amido, imido, ethoxy, benzyloxy, cyclohexyloxy and tert-butoxy, not all the halogens can simultaneously be chlorine and R.sub.4, R.sub.3 and R.sub.5 are simultaneously equal to H;R.sub.1 denotes a hydrogen, a hydrocarbon chain such as an alkyl chain, alkoxy, cycloalkyl ether, an aromatic group, aromatic ether or an alkoxy, carbonyl, carboxyl or acyloxy, cyano, amido, imido or hydroxyl group;R.sub.

Abstract: Waste/industrial effluents containing contaminating amounts of organic and/or inorganic species, for example effluents containing sulfate or sulfuric acid values, or effluents emanating from the production of methionine, are safely and effectively purified in high yield, by first establishing, in a first reaction zone, an axially helically descending flowstream defining a phase of combustion, this phase of combustion comprising ignited admixture of a first oxidizing fluid and a combustible fuel; ejecting the phase of combustion through a port of restricted flow passage to impart an axially symmetrical vortex flow thereto and flash-expanding same into a second reaction zone; introducing effluent to be purified into the axially symmetrical vortex thus formed; and also introducing additional oxidizing fluid into such axially symmetrical vortex, whereby the effluent is disintegrated into a multitude of droplets entrained in unit volumes of the phase of combustion and thermally treated in the second reaction zone.

Abstract: The present invention relates to crosslinkable or crosslinked silicone compositions capable of being employed especially for forming an abherent coating or film for a fibrous or other support, for example made of paper or the like, or made of natural or synthetic polymer (film). One of the essential objectives of the invention is to provide a crosslinkable or crosslinked silicone composition which provides a satisfactory solution to the abherence/printability dilemma, traditionally encountered in abherent silicone coatings. This objective and others are attained by the composition of the invention, including at least one polyorganosiloxane and at least one polyvinyl alcohol corresponding to the following specifications: ester value (E.V.) higher than or equal to 80, preferably 100 and still more preferably between 120 and 200, and standard dynamic viscosity (.eta..sub.

Abstract: The present invention relates to novel derivatives of terpene origin which consist of cycloalkenyls or cycloalkyls having at least seven carbon atoms and possessing surfactant and/or fragrant properties. According to one embodiment, the invention relates to compounds of the formula ##STR1## in which p and q are integers or decimal numbers and are not equal to zero, 0.ltoreq.p.ltoreq.20, preferably, 0.ltoreq.p.ltoreq.5, and 0.ltoreq.q.ltoreq.100, preferably 1.ltoreq.q.ltoreq.20. The invention further relates to the surfactant and/or fragrant compositions based on the above-mentioned compounds. The invention has particular applicability in detergent and perfume formulations.

Abstract: Components, especially of an electronic or electrical type, are cleaned by contact with a flammable liquid organic solvent (21), especially an alcohol. The surface of the solvent is covered with a non-flammable highly fluorinated compound vapor blanket (26), which vapor may also be used to transfer heat to the organic solvent. Both highly fluorinated compound and organic solvent are condensed and re-cycled.