Abstract: A radar system, such as a tracking radar installation or other radar installation which is of the pulse compression type, transmits data during transmission of the radar signal. The data is transmitted by inserting, into the radar signal, at least one short nonpulse interval. The position of the nonpulse interval within the radar pulse can be modulated.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizing device generates periodic electrical oscillations of a frequency that can be arbitrarily determined, in which, after changing the frequency and resetting it to any desired value that has previously been generated, phase coherence is maintained. In addition to the elements of a direct digital frequency synthesizing device, the arrangement according to the invention has a time measuring unit (ZME) and a control logic (SL). The time measuring unit (ZME) periodically counts through a time interval from t=0 to t=t.sub.z and transmits the count status or a time signal to the computing system (R). The frequencies f.sub.i to be emitted and the time interval from t=0 to t=t.sub.z are chosen in such a manner that the phases of all the frequencies f.sub.i take on a constant value at the time t=0. This makes it possible to compute the coherent starting phase .phi..sub.N, so that the new frequency f.sub.N can be generated, with phase coherence, as of the time t.sub.

Abstract: A frequency synthesizing device comprises two reference frequency generators RG1 and RG2, an offset stage OS and a phase-locked loop PLL. In the phase-locked loop, which operates as a tracking filter, the output frequency fs.sub.A is generated by the addition of the frequencies f.sub.RG1 and f.sub.OS. The output frequency fs.sub.A has a very high spectral purity, since all interfering spurious signals are blocked by the tracking filter. By a proper selection of the reference frequencies f.sub.RG1, f.sub.RG2 and f.sub.OR, it is ensured that all interfering spurious signals lie outside the bandwidth B.sub.TF of the tracking filter and are accordingly blocked. As a result, it is not necessary to filter the signals S.sub.RG1, S.sub.RG2 and S.sub.OS.

Abstract: Radar systems that operate in accordance with the crossfeed method require an exact balancing of the individual Doppler frequency evaluation channels in the receiver. According to the invention, a special method is used first to make the amplitude levels in the individual channels equal to one another and then to determine and balance the phase differences between the channels. A radar system using this method is also described.

Abstract: A housing suitable for an electrical or electronic component such as a relay, including a wall having apertures (5, 6) and gaps (7) wherein distribution ribs running on the outside form with the housing surface a sharp inner edge (10). Due to these sharp inner edges, capillary action of the sealing compound is developed on the distribution ribs whereby the sealing compound is transported from a dispensing site to the apertures (5, 6) and housing gaps (7).

Abstract: An operation support system architecture for a telecommunication system contains a control arrangement (BWS) inserted between the system (S) to be operated and an opertor station (DSS). The control arrangmeent comprises, besides a processor and an input/output unit (EAB), a memory (RSP) which contains the operating and maintenance knowledge of the system (S), namely in the form of the CCITT Specification Language SDL/PR. Further the control arrangement (BWS) comprises a correlation memory (ZSP) in which are stored the definition for the formation of MML commands to the system (S) and the formal description of the reactions expected by the system (S). On the basis of the data in the two memories (RSP, ZSP), a translator (I), also present in the control arrangmeent (BWS), can send the correct and properly structured commands directly to the system (S) or respectively evaluate the reactions of the system (S).

Abstract: The controlled switching array comprises four commutator components and four associated signal distributors. Each signal distributor has an input side to which an input signal is applied which, in turn, is fed to a respective input on the input sides of the commutator components. The commutator components are symmetrically arranged on both sides of a printed circuit board. There thus results a favorable decoupling of signal lines from each other as well as from the output side.

Abstract: A type of transmitter, that transmits an unexpanded continuous unmodulated signal following a predetermined number of transmission pulses, is disclosed for the regulation of a multichannel pulse compression system. At least two compression channels are available which are inserted between a microwave receiver stage and a demodulator. A respective monitoring signal is extracted from the output of each compression channel and these monitoring signals are compared in a control circuit in order to obtain a phase difference signal and an amplitude difference signal. A respective control signal is derived from each difference signal in order to regulate a phase shifter and an attenuation circuit, which are provided in at least one of the compression channels, in such a manner that the phase difference signal and the amplitude difference signal are compensated towards zero.

Abstract: In order to compensate the unwanted echo caused by the movement of a moving radar device, an arrangement is provided between the output of a coherent oscillator and the input of a phase discriminator. This arrangement comprises a signal processing stage containing two series-connected phase regulating circuits, namely phase-locked loops. The output signal of the first phase-locked loop displays a mixed frequency which is formed by the sum of the frequency of the output signal of a signal generator and a displacement frequency modulated by the Doppler frequency of the unwanted echo caused by the movement of the radar device. In the second phase-locked loop the output signal of the first phase-locked loop is mixed with a further signal containing the displacement frequency.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for automatic suppression of weather echoes or clutter which can disturbingly appear, apart from the flying target-Doppler signal as further Doppler signals in a pulse Doppler-tracking radar device containing quadrature channels, wherein there is regulated the frequency of the Doppler signals or the phase relationship between the Doppler signals and a reference signal derived from the transmitted signal.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the distance between a primary station and a secondary station, each having an antenna for transmitting and receiving continuous wave signals, modulated by a measuring signal, the distance being determined at the primary station as a magnitude proportional to the quotient of the phase difference between the measuring signals of the transmitted and the received signals and the measuring signal frequency. The primary station transmits a continuous wave signal modulated by a measuring signal which in turn can be frequency modulated by the measuring signal frequency. At the secondary station this modulated continuous wave signal is additionally modulated by a marking signal and reflected to the primary station as the receiving signal.

Abstract: To improve the solderability of the terminals or connections of integrated circuit components (IC-components) with parallel connection rows these must be pre-tin plated. An apparatus is disclosed which immerses the connections or terminals to be pre-tin plated as deeply as possible into the solder bath without exposing the components to impermissible thermal loads. This is obtained in that the components which are to be initially or pre-tin plated are tilted about an axis extending parallel to the terminal or connection row in a manner such that the connections of a row are simultaneously immersed into the solder bath.

Abstract: Radar tracking or homing units employing three or more primary radiators and utilizing an arrangement of a sum-difference network and signal processing stage to form sum, difference and cross-related or cross-term signals and to effect correction of errors introduced due to the presence or apparent presence of two targets with the resolvable radar volume, using a stipulated method of signal processing.

Abstract: A circuit for speed measurement of vehicles according to the Doppler-radar principle wherein a Doppler-useful signal is evaluated in a computer to which such signal is infed by means of a threshold value switch. A single sideband modulator is provided, at the input side of which there is supplied the Doppler-useful signal and also a high-frequency signal produced by a high-frequency oscillator. The output side of the single-sideband modulator is connected with the input of a phase-locked loop, the output signal of which is converted into the original frequency band of the Doppler signal by means of a demodulator connected at its output side with the input of the threshold value switch.

Abstract: Subscriber stations in a telecommunication system are selectively connected and controlled by an exchange having a central control. The subscriber stations have operating conditions varying from an idle to a start condition and from a captive to the idle condition. Line connection circuits of the subscriber stations issue a signal indicative of a transfer of any subscriber station from the captive to the idle condition. Circuits common to the subscriber stations but separate from the central control monitor the subscriber stations as to the issuance of a signal indicative of a transfer of a subscriber station from the captive to the idle condition. Circuit components common to the subscriber stations and connected to the monitor circuits ascertain the particular subscriber station for which an indicative signal has been issued and carry out a release of the particular captive condition.

Abstract: An arrangement for correcting deviations from the true bearing due to the effects of specular reflecting surfaces in target tracking radar installations having at least three primary feeds. At least two of the primary feeds are aligned such that a plane formed by the longitudinal axes of their radiation characteristics is disposed at least approximately perpendicular to the specular reflecting surface. At least one further primary feed is arranged such that the longitudinal axis of its radiation characteristic is located externally of such plane. A summation-difference network produces from the echo signals received by the primary feeds, apart from a summation signal, also two difference signals, and a cross-term signal formed in at least one measurement interval. From these signals there is produced an angle error signal which is divided into two components.

Abstract: A method of checking or testing the functionality of transmitter-receiver reversing switches of pulse Doppler-radar installations for protecting the microwave-receiver component, testing being accomplished by means of a microwave-test signal supplied to the microwave-receiver component between the antenna and the transmitter-receiver reversing switches. According to the invention, the Doppler angle error voltages brought about by such microwave-test signal is measured once with and once without the radar transmitter turned-on, there is formed the difference signal between both of the momentarily measured Doppler angle-error voltages, and when there occurs such a difference signal there is concluded that there is present a defective transmitter-receiver reversing switch.

Abstract: A semiconductor-oscillator comprising a logic circuit having at least one active element, the one input of which is connected by means of a resistor with an inverting output and the same input is connected by a capacitor with a non-inverting output.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus are disclosed for controlling peripheral units in a telecommunication system by means of two or more like control apparatus, wherein the peripheral units are assembled in groups, each of which is associated with its own switching means for selectively connecting the particular group to a control apparatus. The control of all peripheral units to be controlled at a given time is effected with only one of said like control apparatus at that time. Each active control apparatus is caused to time itself for a first predetermined time as to the duration of its control of said peripheral units, and to initiate a timing cycle in another one of said control apparatus for a second predetermined time longer than said first predetermined time. The control apparatus are periodically exchanged in their control function in response to the mentioned self-timing.

Abstract: Apparatus is disclosed for feeding ringing currents from a ringing current supply to line circuits, and for controlling ringing currents in such line circuits, in telephone and other telecommunication systems having an exchange equipped with a source of supply voltage and having subscriber circuits equipped with a ringing circuit capacitor. The disclosed invention comprises a combination of a junction for feeding ringing currents to line circuits, a diode connected between the feeding junction and a pole of the source of supply voltage, an electronic switching device having a control electrode and being connected between the ringing current supply and the feeding junction, and equipment connected to the control electrode of the switching device for causing the switching device to switch ringing currents on and off instantly and to discharge the ringing circuit capacitor.