Abstract: For use in explosive atmospheres during mining, an flame proof or explosion proof internal AC alternator is provided to source electrical power from the rotations of a cutting head. A synthetic-pulse stepped-frequency ground-penetrating radar is used with oppositely circularly polarized transmitting and receiving antennas in a phase coherent microwave transceiver to measure the thickness of a coal deposit and to control the cut of a continuous mining machine operating in an underground mine. For example, a stepped-frequency radar and resonant microstrip patch antennas mounted near the outside surface of the cutting head to obtain measurements.

Abstract: An embodiment of the present invention is a roadway sensor for surface installation in a hole such that a thin ceramic contact sensor may be used to measure and cross-compare fundamental physical antenna parameters of the space immediately above a roadway or bridge surface. Measurements are combined by a microprocessor to discriminate between dry pavement, water (rain), snow and ice above the sensor head. Ambient surface temperature, water depth and ice/slush conditions are determined to estimate any hydroplaning hazard and ice/antifreeze/water mixtures. The sensor comprises an antenna that exhibits a resonant frequency and an input admittance including a real term; a Maxwell bridge coupled to the antenna for detecting the resonant frequency, input admittance and real term; and a frequency sweeping oscillator for driving the antenna at a plurality of frequencies proximate in frequency to the resonant frequency.

Abstract: A method for using an underground mine communication system to effect minewide communication and an intrinsically safe current limiter circuit for insuring that electrical equipment in the system will not cause incendiary conditions. The underground mine communication system comprises a plurality of repeaters and medium frequency radios, including mobile, portable and personal-carried radios, coupled to electrical conductors and natural waveguides existing in the earth by tuned loop antennas. Messages transmitted by the radios are carried to the repeaters by the conductors or coal seam waves. The repeaters amplify, replicate and retransmit the message at two different frequencies for transmission of the message to a surface base station and to other radios in the system. A paging system, which has a separate set of repeaters, is also coupled to the network of electrical conductors and natural waveguides by tuned loop antennas. The paging system alerts miners to contact the surface base station.

Abstract: A method for remotely monitoring conditions such as carbon monoxide or methane gas concentration, longwall roof support pressure, machine parameters or uncut coal, trona or potash layer thickness in a natural resource mining system such as a longwall or continuous mine system. The method utilizes a plurality of sensors connected to low magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 0.1 ATM.sup.2, or high magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 2.5 ATM.sup.2, that transmit collected data during multiple short burst transmission periods. Prior to transmission, the data is converted to a digital word format. An algorithm in the transmitter microcomputer ensures that random time intervals exist between data transmission bursts thus preventing a data transmission clash at the central receiver. A microcomputer algorithm in the central receiver protects against data contention caused by simultaneous transmission from several sensors.

Abstract: A method utilized with an underground conductor detection system for calibrating a downhole transmitter to compensate for detuning of the transmitter antenna by geologic formations. The method comprises sending a synchronization signal to the transmitter antenna, measuring the current flow through the transmitter antenna and adjusting the current to a constant level, and measuring the phase difference between the transmitter antenna current and the synchronization signal. A receiver transmitter is calibrated by sending a synchronization signal to a radiating antenna in the receiver that in turn sends a calibration signal to the receiver antenna that is directed over the entire signal pathway back to surface located signal processing equipment. Another method of underground conductor detection sends a surface wave to the downhole receiver to cancel the effect of the surface wave modulation on a target wave being radiated by the underground detector.

Abstract: A method for determining the thickness of a layer of material, such as soil, wood, ice or coal, that utilizes a microstrip antenna as a thickness measuring sensor. The sensor is positioned over the layer and a value for a parameter of the antenna such as conductance or resonant frequency is measured. The value is compared to a calibration table of values and the thickness of the layer is determined by interpolation. Alternatively, the value is compared to a control value to initiate a decision process. The decision could be that a layer of ice is building up on a wing of an aircraft or that an explosive device is buried under a layer of soil.

Abstract: A method utilized with an underground conductor detection system for calibrating a downhole transmitter to compensate for detuning of the transmitter antenna by geologic formations. The method comprises sending a synchronization signal to the transmitter antenna, measuring the current flow through the transmitter antenna and adjusting the current to a constant level, and measuring the phase difference between the transmitter antenna current and the synchronization signal. A receiver transmitter is calibrated by sending a synchronization signal to a radiating antenna in the receiver that in turn sends a calibration signal to the receiver antenna that is directed over the entire signal pathway back to surface located signal processing equipment. Another method of underground conductor detection sends a surface wave to the downhole receiver to cancel the effect of the surface wave modulation on a target wave being radiated by the underground detector.

Abstract: An apparatus for processing a fish body into a plurality of transverse fish body section includes a plurality of spaced apart vertically standing work stations, each including a structural frame that supports a continuous rail or runway. The runway includes inclined sections that extend between the work station thereby defining an inclined travel path between the work stations. A wheeled carriage is movably mounted upon the runway and includes a set of spring loaded jaws for holding a fish body section to be processed. The carriage is movably mounted upon the runway so that the carriage can travel from one work station to the next in a sequential fashion. Each work station has a section of rail connected to the inclined runway which is at a lower elevation than the previous work station by a dimension which is equal to the thickness of the fish body section to be processed. Each work station may include a cutting blade such as, for example, a rotary band saw. The saws are at a constant elevation.

Abstract: A method for remotely monitoring conditions such as carbon monoxide or methane gas concentration, longwall roof support pressure, machine parameters or uncut coal, trona or potash layer thickness in a natural resource mining system such as a longwall or continuous mine system. The method utilizes a plurality of sensors connected to low magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 0.1 ATM.sup.2, or high magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 2.5 ATMhu 2, that transmit colleted data during multiple short burst transmission periods. Prior to transmission, the data is converted to a digital word format. An algorithm in the transmitter microcomputer ensures that random time intervals exist between data transmission bursts thus preventing a data transmission clash at the central receiver. A microcomputer algorithm in the central receiver protects against data contention caused by simultaneous transmission from several sensors.

Abstract: A mine emergency communication cable and a method for use. The cable is comprised of a plurality of brightly colored, lightweight, strong synthetic fibers having a plurality of noninsulated tin plated copper wires and stainless steel wires at least one insulated copper wire interwoven with the synthetic fibers. At least two transceivers are inductively coupled to the cable creating a radio communication link. The noninsulated wires allow pieces of the cable to be connected by tying a knot in the cable. The insulated wire increases the communication distance by supporting the bifilar radio communication mode. The cable can also function as a physical guide which miners can follow to a safe location during a mine emergency.

Abstract: A method for remotely monitoring conditions such as carbon monoxide or methane gas concentration, longwall roof support pressure, machine parameters or uncut coal, trona or potash layer thickness in a natural resource mining system such as a longwall or continuous mine system. The method utilizes a plurality of sensors connected to low magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 0.1 ATM.sup.2, or high magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 2.5 ATM.sup.2, that transmit collected data during multiple short burst transmission periods. Prior to transmission, the data is converted to a digital word format. An algorithm in the transmitter microcomputer ensures that random time intervals exist between data transmission bursts thus preventing a data transmission clash at the central receiver. A microcomputer algorithm in the central receiver protects against data contention caused by simultaneous transmission from several sensors.

Abstract: A method for using an underground mine communication system to effect minewide communication and an intrinsically safe current limiter circuit for insuring that electrical equipment in the system will not cause incendiary conditions. The underground mine communication system comprises a plurality of repeaters and medium frequency radios, including mobile, portable and personal-carried radios, coupled to electrical conductors and natural waveguides existing in the earth by tuned loop antennas. Messages transmitted by the radios are carried to the repeaters by the conductors or coal seam waves. The repeaters amplify, replicate and retransmit the message at two different frequencies for transmission of the message to a surface base station and to other radios in the system. A paging system, which has a separate set of repeaters, is also coupled to the network of electrical conductors and natural waveguides by tuned loop antennas. The paging system alerts miners to contact the surface base station.

Abstract: A method for remotely monitoring conditions such as carbon monoxide or methane gas concentration, longwall roof support pressure, machine parameters or uncut coal, trona or potash layer thickness in a natural resource mining system such as a longwall or continuous mine system. The method utilizes a plurality of sensors connected to low magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 0.1 ATM.sup.2, or high magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 2.5 ATM.sup.2, that transmit collected data during multiple short burst transmission periods. Prior to transmission, the data is converted to a digital word format. An algorithm in the transmitter microcomputer ensures that random time intervals exist between data transmission bursts thus preventing a data transmission clash at the central receiver. A microcomputer algorithm in the central receiver protects against data contention caused by simultaneous transmission from several sensors.

Abstract: A method of determining the thickness of a layer of material, such as soil, wood, ice or coal, that utilizes a microstrip antenna as a thickness measuring sensor. The sensor is positioned over the layer and a value for a parameter of the antenna such as conductance or resonant frequency is measured. The value is compared to a calibration table of values and the thickness of the layer is determined by interpolation. Alternatively, the value is compared to a control value to initiate a decision process. The decision could be that a layer of ice is building up on a wing of an aircraft or that an explosive device is buried under a layer of soil.

Abstract: A method utilized with an underground conductor detection system for calibrating a downhole transmitter to compensate for detuning of the transmitter antenna by geologic formations. The method comprises sending a synchronization signal to the transmtter antenna, measuring the current flow through the transmitter antenna and adjusting the current to a constant level, and measuring the phase difference between the transmitter antenna current and the synchronization signal. A receiver transmitter is calibrated by sending a synchronization signal to a radiating antenna in the receiver that in turn sends a calibration signal to the receiver antenna that is directed over the entire signal pathway back to surface located signal processing equipment. Another method of underground conductor detection sends a surface wave to the downhole receier to cancel the effect of the surface wave modulation on a target wave being radiated by the underground detector.

Abstract: An apparatus and method for detecting vertically or horizontally oriented underground electrical conductors such as electrical wiring or rails in tunnels thin conducting ore veins surrounded by less conducting rock, or boreholes filled with conductive water or lined with a conductive casing. The apparatus includes a surface or downhole transmitter and a downhole receiver connected to a coherent frequency source unit by fiber optic cables. The source unit generates two phase synchronized frequency signals in the range of one hundred to three hundred kHz. The receiver includes a vertical or horizontal magnetic dipole antenna, e.g. a ferrite rod antenna, and the transmitter includes a vertical or horizontal magnetic dipole antenna in the downhole configuration or at least one long cable or loop antenna in the surface configuration.

Abstract: A method for remotely monitoring conditions such as carbon monoxide for methane gas concentration, longwall roof support pressure, machine parameters or uncut coal, trona or potash layer thickness in a natural resource mining system such as a longwall or continuous mine system. The method utilizes a plurality of sensors connected to low magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 0.1 ATM.sup.2, or high magnetic moment transmitters, e.g. 2.5 ATM.sup.2, that transmit collected data during multiple short burst transmission periods. Prior to transmission, the data is converted to a digital word format. An algorithm in the transmitter microcomputer ensures that random time intervals exist between data transmission bursts thus preventing a data transmission clash at the central receiver. A microcomputer algorithm in the central receiver protects against data contention caused by simultaneous transmission from several sensors.

Abstract: A method for using an underground mine communication system to effect minewide communication and an intrinsically safe current limiter circuit for insuring that electrical equipment in the system will not cause incendiary conditions. The underground mine communication system comprises a plurality of repeaters and medium frequency radios, including, mobile, portable and personal-carried radios, inductively coupled to electrical conductors and natural waveguides existing in the earth by tuned loop antennas. Messages transmitted by the radios are carried to the repeaters by the conductors or coal seam waves. The repeaters amplify, replicate and retransmit the message at two different frequencies for transmission of the message to a surface base station and to other radios in the system. A paging system, which has a separate set of repeaters, is also coupled to the network of electrical conductors and natural waveguides by tuned loop antennas. The paging system alerts miners to contact the surface base station.

Abstract: Apparatus and method for detecting geological anomalies occuring in geological formations. The instrumentation comprises a medium frequency continuous wave narrowband FM transmitter and receiver pair. Two instrument configurations are downhole instruments for insertion into boreholes. Survey procedures are provided to detect anomalies through signal attenuation, path attenuation and signal phase shift. Continuity measurements at different depths in the drillholes provide data to determine the existence of anomalies. Tomographic techniques are employed to provide a visual image of the anomaly. Computer aided reconstruction techniques provide such visual images from the generated data.