Abstract: A method for optogenetics experiments, based on wavefront shaping and including: calculating the transmission matrix between an input end and an output end of the multimode fiber under a fixed shape; implanting the output end into an intracranial space of an experimental subject; and performing wavefront compensation to a light to be input into the input end, according to the spatial position of the optical stimulation and the transmission matrix of the multimode fiber, to form a compensated expanded light, and inputting the compensated expanded light from the input end into the multimode fiber, such that the compensated expanded light, after being transmitted by the multimode fiber to the output end and output from the output end, is capable of focusing at the spatial position of the optical stimulation.

Abstract: A catalyst for catalyzing transesterification of esters or esterification of fatty acids, the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of manganese (II) glycerolate, cobalt (II) glycerolate, iron (II) glycerolate, and any combination thereof. A method for transesterification reaction, includes: a) providing a catalyst, wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of manganese (II) glycerolate, cobalt (II) glycerolate, iron (II) glycerolate, and any combination thereof; b) adding the catalyst, one or more alcohols, and a composition comprising one or more esters to a reactor to form a reaction mixture; and c) stirring while heating the reaction mixture for reaction to form transesterification products.

Abstract: The present invention provides a gas measuring method based on photothermal effect in hollow-core optical fiber comprising: filling a target gas into the core of a hollow-core optical fiber; coupling a probe light and a periodically modulated pump light into the hollow-core optical fiber; absorbing the pump light by the target gas resulting in the periodic modulation of the phase of the probe light; demodulating the phase modulation information of the probe light to obtain the concentration of the target gas, wherein the pump laser is wavelength and/or amplitude modulated. In the present invention, two lasers including a pump laser and a probe laser are used for the measurement, this approach is simple and practical.