Abstract: A sensing assembly (10), including a body (12) and one or more first indicating electrodes disposed on the body (26). The first indicating electrodes include an electrochemically active layer (32) and a layer (38) of an active functioning enzyme of a first enzyme type on top of the electrochemically active layer. Also, one or more second indicating electrodes (24) are disposed on the body and include an electrochemically active layer (32) and a layer (36) of an inactivated enzyme of the first enzyme type on top of the electrochemically active layer. A reference electrode (22) is also disposed on the body. Finally, an electrical and data processing system (18) is adapted to bias the electrodes and measure electrical signals from the electrodes, and uses said signals to determine an analyte concentration and communicates the analyte concentration to a location apart from the first and second indicating electrodes.

Abstract: Examples of multi-stage programmable rectifiers are provided herein. Each rectifier stage can include a first transistor and a switch connected to the first transistor. A threshold voltage of the first transistor can be programmed through selection of one of a plurality of voltages available at the switch. Each rectifier stage can also include a second transistor that can be connected in series with the first transistor. An output capacitor can be connected to the second transistor at an output of the rectifier stage. The plurality of voltages provided at the switch allows the threshold voltage of the first transistor to be adjusted in either a positive or negative position to increase efficiency of the rectifier. A calibration process can be used to identify the position of each switch in the rectifier stages that results in the highest efficiency or rectifier output voltage.

Abstract: Multiple time-difference-of-arrival units, each having two or more receiver antennas can be used to determine a location of a target transmitter without synchronizing or connecting together the units. Specifically, a clock on each unit can be used to determine a difference of arrival of radio-frequency signals amongst antennas on the units. Each unit's clock can be asynchronous with the clocks on the other units. Target estimation can therefore be achieved easily with limited wiring and the problems associated with synchronization can be reduced or eliminated. The multiple time-difference-of-arrival units can be used in indoor, outdoor (or a combination thereof) applications.

Abstract: Mass spectrometry cells include one or more interleaved magnetostatic and electrostatic lenses. In some examples, the electrostatic lenses are based on electrical potentials applied to magnetostatic lens pole pieces. In other alternatives, the electrostatic lenses can include conductive apertures. Applied voltages can be selected to trap or transport charged particles, and photon sources, gas sources, ion sources, and electron sources can be provided for various dissociation processes.

Abstract: An electronic structure comprising: (a) a first metal layer; (b) a second metal layer; (c) and at least one insulator layer located between the first metal layer and the second metal layer, wherein at least one of the metal layers comprises an amorphous multi-component metallic film. In certain embodiments, the construct is a metal-insulator-metal (MIM) diode.