Abstract: A method of recovering copper from chalcopyrite concentrate by chemical leaching, using pyrite and silver. The catalytic properties of pyrite in the chalcopyrite leaching process are significantly enhanced by pretreating the pyrite with silver ions. Particulate pyrite is exposed to a solution containing silver ions to form silver-treated pyrite. Particulate chalcopyrite and the silver-treated pyrite are mixed in an acidic sulfate leach solution. The copper is leached from the concentrate in the leach solution in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas, under conditions whereby the pyrite is substantially unoxidized. The leached copper is recovered from the solution by conventional methods. The used silver-treated pyrite is recycled to the leaching process.

Abstract: The present invention provides methods of detecting activating mutations in exon 4 of a GNAQ or a GNA11 gene in a melanocytic neoplasm for diagnostic and prognostic purposes. The invention further provides methods of treating such melanocytic neoplasm by modulating the activity of the mutated GNAQ or GNA11.

Abstract: A cylinder head, more preferably a piston, of an internal combustion engine is provided on its compression face with a substantially central bowl and an annular common squish jet pocket encircling and spaced radially from the bowl to define an annular lip separating the squish pocket from the bowl. A plurality of discrete squish jet channels are formed through the lip and connect the squish pocket with the bowl at locations circumferentially spaced about the bowl. Each of the channels is open to the compression face along its full length from an inlet end connected to the annular squish jet pocket to a discharge end opening into the bowl. The channels provide the main paths for fluid flow from the area on the compression face surrounding the bowl into the bowl and in particular from the annular pocket into the bowl.