Abstract: Described herein are methods and apparatuses for the application of transdermal electrical stimulation (TES) in order to modulate a user's cognitive state to induce a state of calm or relaxation. The apparatuses described herein include neck-worn devices having electrodes (or configured to connect to electrodes, including automatically self-connecting to electrodes) adapted to couple to the midline of the back of user's neck. A neck-worn controller may be configured as a cord, band, wire, torc, necklace, loop, strap, or the like, and may be rigid or semi-rigid and may be worn at least partially around the subject's neck. The controller may controllably apply one or more waveforms to the electrodes of the electrode pad (e.g., patch) to deliver TES adapted to induce or enhance a relaxed cognitive state.

Abstract: Methods and apparatuses for amplitude modulation of all or a portion of an ensemble waveform to modify a user's cognitive state by transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). An ensemble current waveform may include a sequence of component biphasic current waveforms in which one or more parameters (such as frequency, current amplitude, percent duty cycle, and percent charge imbalance) vary between sequential component waveforms. These ensemble waveforms may be specifically configured to evoke a particular cognitive state when applied by TES. In particular, described herein are methods for applying amplitude modulation to all or a sub-set of the component waveforms in the ensemble waveform which may dramatically enhance the efficiency and effectiveness of the TES. Also described herein are methods and apparatuses for applying amplitude modulation to all or a portion of an ensemble waveform without truncating pulses of the component waveforms forming the ensemble waveform.

Abstract: Apparatuses (e.g., devices, systems), and methods for transdermal electrical stimulation (TES). Apparatuses described herein can be self-contained, lightweight, and wearable. The apparatus may include a primary unit (TES stimulator) and an electrode portion that includes a first transdermal electrode and a second transdermal electrode and mates with the TES stimulator. The first electrode and secondary electrode are placed at two locations on the skin of a user, for example on the head and/or neck of a user. Electrical stimulation driven between the two electrodes may induce a cognitive effect in a user of the device.