Abstract: An electrical apparatus for use as a capacitor, solar cell, switching device, wave-shaper and the like. The apparatus comprises a first electrode, a first dielectric positioned proximate one side of the first electrode, a second electrode positioned proximate the first dielectric, a second dielectric positioned proximate one side of the second electrode, a third electrode positioned proximate the second dielectric and generally facing said one side of the second electrode, a third dielectric positioned proximate the non-facing side of the third electrode, a fourth electrode positioned proximate the third dielectric, means for connecting the first and fourth electrodes to a control circuit whereby an electrical potential is established between the first and fourth electrodes, and means for connecting the second and third electrodes to an external circuit whereby upon operation of the external circuit the second and third electrodes are connected in circuit.

Abstract: An apparatus is described for directly converting solar energy into electrical energy for utilization in driving any desired load. The apparatus comprises an electron emitting means, a collecting means, a first electrode means positioned proximate the emitting means and spaced therefrom and positioned on the opposite side of the emitting means from the collecting means, a second electrode means positioned proximate the collecting means and spaced therefrom and positioned on one side of the collecting means away from the emitting means, control means for selectively charging and discharging the first and second electrode means, and means for electrically connecting the emitting means and collecting means in circuit with the load to be driven.