Abstract: The invention relates to a process for pickling stainless steel products, in which the pickling bath used has as its initial composition, HF.gtoreq.10 g/l, dissolved ferric iron (Fe.sup.3+).gtoreq.15 g/l, and water=balance. During the pickling operation(s), the redox potential of the bath is monitored and maintained between +100 mV and +350 mV by oxidation of the bath, if necessary, by at least one or several addition(s) of oxidant to the bath. The process of the invention applies particularly to the industrial pickling of stainless steel sheets and strips, in which it is possible to avoid the use of nitric acid and the resulting pollution.

Abstract: A process for coating a steel strip, particularly ferritic stainless steel, with aluminum by hot quenching, in which the strip is preheated to a temperature less than 500.degree. C. in a first non-oxidizing atmosphere containing a quantity of oxygen less than 3%, the strip is then heated to a temperature less than 950.degree. C. in a second non-oxidizing atmosphere, the strip is then conveyed to an atmosphere (3, 4) which is non-reactive at the coating temperature, and, finally, the strip is quenched in a coating bath.

Abstract: Pickling process in an acid bath containing an oxidant in order to enhance the pickling kinetics, wherein at least one peroxygenated derivative of titanium or at least of one element of the titanium family included in the product to be pickled is formed, the metal being ionized to a higher valency, the formation of the peroxygenated compound is controlled by measurement of the redox potential, and the quantity of oxidizing agent is limited so as to maintain an oxido-reduction potential lower than the passivation potential of the metallic product.

Abstract: Magnetic sheet metal obtained from hot-rolled strip steel containing, in particular, iron, silicon and aluminium and forming part of a family of sheet metals having orientated grains, characterized in that its composition is as follows: silicon less than 3.3%, aluminium between 1.5 and 8%, in concentration by weight, and in that the strip steel is subjected to cold-rolling in two steps with a final degree of reduction of between 50 and 80%, the magnetic sheet metal obtained having a general structure of the cubic type, at least 40% of the grains not deviating by more than 15.degree. from the ideal cubic orientation (100), 001 in the Miller notation.

Abstract: A process and combination for ferritic stainless steel resisting corrosion in neutral or weakly acid chloride-containing media, being ductile and impact resistant, the compositions consisting essentially of 28.5 to 35% chromium, 3.5 to 5.5% molybdenum, 0.5 to 2% copper, less than 0.5% nickel, less than 0.4% manganese, less than 0.4% silicon, less than 0.030% carbon, less than 0.030% nitrogen, and of titanium and/or niobium between 0.10 to 0.60% where % Ti>0.2+4(% C)+3.4(% N) and/or % Nb>0.1+7.7(% C)+6.6(% N) is satisfied. The process if for production of steel strips of the above composition where the hot-rolled steel strip is tempered at 900 to 1200.degree. C., then subjected to a first cold rolling followed by an intermediate and final tempering at 900 to 1200.degree. C. after intermediate and final cold rollings.

Abstract: Stainless iron-base alloy having a total shape memory effect consisting, after a given cold mechanical deformation, in a recovery of the initial shape by heating, characterized in that its composition by weight is the following:9 to 13% chromium,15 to 25% manganese,3 to 6% silicon,the remainder being iron and residual impurities resulting from the fusion of substances necessasry for producing the alloy, the proportions of the elements satisfying the relation:1.43(%Si)+1 (%Cr) .ltoreq.17.The invention also provides a method for producing this alloy.

Abstract: Method for pickling or cleaning materials of steel, in particular stainless steel, comprising treating the materials with an aqueous solution containing ferrous ions and ferric ions and an organic acid which does not oxidize the iron in an amount sufficient to maintain the Fe.sup.2+ and Fe.sup.3+ ions in solution, the ferric and ferrous ions being present in the solution in a ration Fe.sup.2+ /Fe.sup.3+ between 10/90 and 40/60, and maintaining the ration Fe.sup.2+ /Fe.sup.3+ within the defined range by addition of hydrogen peroxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for pickling stainless steel products, in which a pickling bath is used having the initial composition:HF 10 to 50 g/lDissolved ferric iron (Fe.sup.3+).gtoreq.15 g/lWater: as requiredat a temperature of between 15.degree. and 70.degree. C., characterized in that, during the pickling operation(s), the ferric iron content of the bath is maintained at at least 15 g/l by oxidation of the bath comprising at least one or several injections of air in a total quantity greater than or equal to 1 Nm.sup.3 per m.sup.2 of pickled stainless steel and per hour of pickling of each unit of surface area pickled.The process of the invention applies particularly to the industrial pickling of stainless steel sheets and strips, in which it is possible to avoid the use of nitric acid and the resulting pollution.

Abstract: A process of aluminizing magnetic steel sheets is disclosed. The process involves annealing a steel sheet in order to achieve partial secondary recrystallization, providing aluminum on the steel sheet, preferably by vacuum evaporation or immersion, and subjecting the steel sheet to a further heat treating step in order to diffuse the aluminum into the sheet and decrease impurities therein. Preferably, the partial secondary recrystallization anneal is performed in a neutral atmosphere such as nitrogen, while the final heat treating step is performed in a hydrogen atmosphere, and at a higher temperature than the above annealing step.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of martensitic stainless steel rods or machine wire, and the products thus obtained, by hot rolling, which steel comprises by % weight:C=0.015 to 0.090N=0.015 to 0.080 with C+N=0.05 to 0.120Cr=9.0 to 14.0Nb=.ltoreq.0.1V=.ltoreq.0.1S=.ltoreq.0.35Si=.ltoreq.1.0Mn=.ltoreq.1.0Ni=.ltoreq.2.0Mo=.ltoreq.1.0P=.ltoreq.0.040Cu=.ltoreq.1.0Fe and impurities=balanceand having the following mechanical properties: R=900 to 1100 MPa; E 0.2=650 to 850 MPa; A.gtoreq.10%; and resilience KCU.gtoreq.40 J/cm.sup.2, and wherein the preheating or the end of the hot rough preliminary processing preceding the final hot rolling brings the products to a temperature between 1000.degree. C. and 1160.degree., and wherein the final hot rolling which is effected at a temperature below or equal to 1150.degree. C. produces a section reduction "S/s" which is at least equal to 3, and which reduction is followed by homogenous cooling and when S.ltoreq.0.

Abstract: The cast metal grill element, which is the subject of this invention, concerns an apparatus for heat exchange between a solid in the divided condition, at high temperature, and a fluid, and comprises a plate of refractory steel, which is apertured with holes therethrough and the upper face of which comprises at least one recessed region, in the bottom of which is a hole in which the leg of a connecting member is engaged, the connecting member securing the grill element to its support. The grill element is for use in particular in cement works, in an apparatus for heat exchange between clinker and air.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making steel bars and tubes with good mechanical characteristics.The process consists of manufacturing a low alloy steel containing 0.06 to 0.12% carbon as well as additions with well-determined contents of Si, Mn, Nb, Al, B and optionally V. The steel is used in a raw state of hot rolling, optionally followed by tempering.The bars and tubes obtained in this manner are used for applications in which it is necessary to have a high elastic limit associated with high resistance.

Abstract: A nozzle is disclosed for use in the decarburization of molten pig iron by means of a jet of oxygen from a lance provided with such nozzle. The nozzle according to the invention is characterized by a divergent portion which, beyond the neck, has a frustoconical part, with an apex angle of between 60.degree. and 70.degree. and preferably between 62.degree. and 66.degree., and wherein an angle of 65.degree. is preferred. The nozzle according to the invention can be used in particular for the decarburization of chromium containing pig iron and makes it possible to achieve very high chromium and iron yields.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are set forth relating to casting of metals with a high melting point utilizing a casting wheel having a grooved rim into which liquid metal is introduced. The metal is sealed during solidification by means of movable flaps which move with the wheel during its rotation. Cooling device and device for positioning of the flaps are provided and the apparatus provides for manufacture of bars or strips of ferrous or non-ferrous metals which are free from sharp edges and burrs.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the decarburization of a molten bath of chromium-containing pig iron which, in a single operation, permits decarburization by means of an oxygen jet and thus permits chromium or nickel chromium steels to be obtained directly, the decarburization of which can readily be completed by a final treatment under vacuum carried out immediately after the injection of oxygen. The process comprises adjusting the temperature conditions of the pig iron bath and regulating the oxygen jet distance from the surface of the bath and speed of oxygen gas so that the impact force of the oxygen creates a gas-metal emulsion within which the carbon contained in the pig iron is oxidized directly by the oxygen. The carbon content is thus rapidly reduced to less than 0.3% whereas the yield of chromium is higher than 97%. The process is suitable for the preparation of all grades of Cr and NiCr stainless steel, which optionally contain additions of Co, Mn or Mo.

Abstract: PCT No. PCT/FR78/00007 Sec. 371 Date May 2, 1979 Sec. 102(e) Date May 2, 1979 PCT Filed Jul. 7, 1978 PCT Pub. No. WO79/00124 PCT Pub. Date Mar. 22, 1979The bumper device which is the object of the invention relates principally to the absorption of high energy impacts which can be sustained by all types of moving bodies or vehicles and in particular by cars.In its preferred embodiment, the device comprises one or more capacities usually arranged at the front of the vehicle and containing a hydraulic fluid. Each of these capacities is connected by a pipe to a receiving chamber which can be deformed by expansion and is also filled with fluid. Under the influence of a violent impact, these capacities crush and eject the fluid which they contain towards the receiving chambers, the walls of which dilate in proportion to the entry of the fluid. The plastic deformation of these walls absorbs the energy of the impact.

Abstract: A process for recovery of zirconium from pickling solutions which have been used to treat products formed of zirconium or zirconium-based alloys, the invention particularly provides for separating zirconium from the acids contained in such solutions. The present process comprises passing the used or spent pickling solutions which contain from 1 to 50 g/l of dissolved zirconium through a column of an anionic ion-exchange resin by means of which the zirconium ions are separated from fluoride and nitrate ions originally present in the pickling solutions. Approximately 90% of the zirconium contained in such solutions can be recovered according to the invention, it being further possible to recycle residual fluoride and nitrate ions which remain in the used pickling solutions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a master alloy intended for the preparation of zirconium-base alloys and more particularly for the preparation of alloys such as those known as zircaloy 2 and zircaloy 4 useful for nuclear applications.This master alloy contains, by weight, from about 50 to 85% of Sn; 5 to 30% of Zr; 0 to 20% of Fe; and 0 to 20% Cr, with the combined Fe+Cr content being about 3 to 30%.This master alloy enables zirconium alloys to be produced in which the tin is distributed homogeneously.

Abstract: A method for treating zirconium and zirconium alloys, in particular the zirconium alloys used in nuclear reactors which are water cooled, as a structural or casing material for fuels. The method consists in dissolving or maintaining a solid solution of the majority of carbon contained in these alloys by thermal or thermo-mechanical treatments carried out in the .alpha. + .beta. range or if necessary in the .beta. range followed by a rolling in .alpha. phase if necessary. The products obtained have a highly improved mechanical resistance under heat, in particular with regard to resistance to creep; they are particularly suitable for constructing casing tubes for fuels in water cooled nuclear reactors having a better resistance to distortion in relation to time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for obtaining steels having improved machinability. This process provides for the upgrading of divided metallurgical products, which are consolidated without fusion, with incorporation of a dispersed phase.This process is used in particular for scrap consisting of sheet metal or turnings, which is mixed in the desired proportion with an additive such as for example sulfur or lead. After it has been compressed the mixture is extruded in a press in the form of bars and the like.This process is particularly suitable for producing stainless steels containing sulfur or lead. The lead stainless steels thus prepared have an excellent corrosion resistance, in addition to their machinability characteristics.