Abstract: Novel nozzles are disclosed that include flutes and/or baffles having cross-sections that undergo a rotation from a nozzle inlet to a nozzle outlet to produce fluid flows having a velocity profile including both linear and angular velocity components.

Abstract: A method of conditioning a flow of fluid comprises the steps of introducing a fluid into a nozzle body having an opening defining an inlet, an opening defining an outlet, and an inner surface connecting the inlet and the outlet, directing the fluid introduced into the inlet of nozzle body over the inner surface, and applying a pressure to the fluid. The inner surface of the nozzle is asymmetric with respect to a centerline of the inlet to provide a first region outside the nozzle of relative maximum pressure and a second region outside the nozzle of relative minimum pressure, where the first and second regions are substantially the same distance from the outlet. A fluid-conditioning nozzle comprises an inlet having an edge defining a first circumference, an outlet, offset from and spaced apart from the inlet, having an edge defining a second circumference, smaller than the first circumference, and a transition surface extending between the inlet and the outlet.

Abstract: A method and abstract of removing a surface subject to a subsurface pressure and an environmental surface pressure at least equal to the subsurface pressure, which comprises jetting fluid through a nozzle facing and located a predetermined distance from said surface, said nozzle being shaped to eject the fluid in a steam having a higher core pressure than said environmental pressure, said higher pressure stream having adjacent thereto at least one zone of pressure negative relative to said subsurface pressure, said distance being predetermined to expose said surface to said zone of negative pressure, whereby said surface is caused to explode into said zone of negative pressure from the force of said subsurface pressure.

Abstract: A method and abstract of removing a surface subject to a subsurface pressure and an environmental surface pressure at least equal to the subsurface pressure, which comprises jetting fluid through a nozzle facing and located a predetermined distance from said surface, said nozzle being shaped to eject the fluid in a steam having a higher core pressure than said environmental pressure, said higher pressure stream having adjacent thereto at least one zone of pressure negative relative to said subsurface pressure, said distance being predetermined to expose said surface to said zone of negative pressure, whereby said surface is caused to explode into said zone of negative pressure from the force of said subsurface pressure.