Abstract: Provided in part herein are compositions that include isolated microbial enzymes, such as amylases, lipases, and proteases that are useful as detergent additives. Also provided are methods of isolating amylases, lipases, and proteases from microbes, as well as methods of using these enzymes as detergent additives, and for stain removal.

Abstract: The disclosure describes systems and methods for determining a route in a network. A method according, to one embodiment includes determining a set of neighbor nodes that are within wireless communications range of a current node, determining that a route is needed from a source to a destination node, selecting a first neighbor node that is located closest to the destination node as the next hop in the route, and sending:a route-request message to the first neighbor node. The process continues on a hop-by-hop basis until reaching the destination node, whereupon a route-reply message is sent beck to the source node confirming that the route has been determined.

Abstract: Provided in part herein are compositions that include isolated microbial enzymes, such as proteases, lipases, useful in dehairing leather. Also provided are methods for isolating proteases, lipases, from microbes, as well as methods of reusing these enzymes effectively for several cycles in an environment friendly process.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the bioremediation of soluble sulfates from an environmental effluent, include a first chamber including lactic acid bacteria immobilized on a first matrix and a second chamber including sulfate-reducing bacteria immobilized on a second matrix. The methods include providing the lactic acid bacteria a suitable medium for the production of lactic acid, which is directed to the culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria for use as a substrate/electron donor for the reduction of sulfates present in the environmental effluent.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the bioremediation of soluble sulfates from an environmental effluent, include a first chamber including lactic acid bacteria immobilized on a first matrix and a second chamber including sulfate-reducing bacteria immobilized on a second matrix. The methods include providing the lactic acid bacteria a suitable medium for the production of lactic acid, which is directed to the culture of sulfate-reducing bacteria for use as a substrate/electron donor for the reduction of sulfates present in the environmental effluent.