Abstract: A control method based on an adaptive neural network model for dissolved oxygen of an aeration system includes: obtaining related water quality monitoring data of a sewage treatment plant, and performing data preprocessing on the related water quality monitoring data; performing principal component analysis on the preprocessed related water quality monitoring data and a dissolved oxygen concentration of the aeration system through a principal component analysis method, and determining a water quality parameter with a highest rate of contribution to a principal component; taking the water quality parameter with the highest rate of contribution to the principal component, and predicting a dissolved oxygen concentration of the aeration system; and optimizing a dissolved oxygen predictive value obtained by means of the adaptive neural network model to obtain an optimal regulation value, and performing online regulation on a fuzzy control system of the adaptive neural network model.