Abstract: A number of individual samples from a batch of textile material are tested in the form of a test series. During each test series, at least one type of data obtained for each individual sample is stored digitally, and after n individual samples have been tested this data is displayed in the form of a collective chart containing n suitably arranged individual curves. This type of display does away with the use of a chart recorder with its known disadvantages and enables a printer to be used. Also, since the data can be displayed in the form of a collective chart, pauses between individual measurements, which would otherwise occur due to the relatively low printing speed of the printer, and which would greatly reduce the output of the test installation, do not occur.

Abstract: The yarn (3) is illuminated by a transmitter (1) and the light reflected by the yarn surface is fed to a detector (5) and evaluated, the optical path being selected such that the receiver (5) receives light only from that side of the yarn (3) that is not illuminated.

Abstract: The sample and the reagent required for titration are fed into a titration vessel (1), the reagent and/or sample being supplied intermittently in the form of pulses of liquid. Toward this end, a controlled valve (9) is provided in the supply line (4) for the reagent. The opening and closing times of this valve (9) and, hence, the frequency and duration of the pulses of liquid, are chosen such that the ratio of the average sample flow to the average reagent flow is sufficient to achieve the ratio of sample to the reagent at the equivalence point. This renders continuous titration possible, for which only one pump (7) is needed, which does not require any complex servo system and, therefore, has a low energy consumption.

Abstract: The apparatus comprises a compression member (T) and a measuring device arranged thereon for measuring the thickness of a fibre sliver passing through a measuring duct (4). The measuring device is formed by a leaf spring (BF) provided with resistance strain gauges. The measuring duct (4) is provided in a measuring member (MT) arranged removably on the sliver hopper (T) and the measuring member is equipped with a compressed air nozzle (19).Simple range adaptation to varying sliver numbers can thus be effected, on the one hand, and the measuring member can easily be cleaned and cooled, on the other hand.

Abstract: An solid-state electricity meter includes an electronic measuring unit with an analog/digital converter which receives signals from amplifiers for various measurement ranges, and a control section with a microcomputer wherein the meter signal is processed, taking into account correction factors for the various elements of the circuit. Each correction factor is a single value for each respective measurement range, and the correction factors for each range are contained in corresponding meter-characteristic quantities which are stored in the electricity meter. Each meter-characteristic quantity represents a measurement value corresponding to a specific quantity of energy. Only a few (e.g., only 4) meter-characteristic quantities need be stored in the electricity meter. These meter-characteristic quantitites can be determined in a conventional calibration procedure, and they enable all the fixed errors of the signal processing to be compensated.

Abstract: A tying machine includes a tying device, grippers for two groups of warp threads (K.sub.a, K.sub.n) which are to be tied together and a device for separating the outermost warp thread of each group and moving it out of the plane of the warp. In the region between the separating device and a gripper, the warp threads are guided over a thread guide where the outermost warp thread is deflected and moved out of the plane of the warp. A measuring device for measuring the force exerted by a deflected warp thread on the point of deflection or on the separating device is arranged in the region of deflection, and the signal of this measuring device serves as criterion for the presence of a double thread. The measuring device may be a piezoelectric pressure convertor or an elongation measuring strip or a piezo sensor which is sensitive to deflection. Thus, the measuring device is virtually unaffected by dirt or dust.

Abstract: To measure the tension in a set of threads (10) or a warp (11) in a loom or the like, a vibrating device (20) which is rotatable about an axis (23) is moved into the vicinity of the web of material so that the material is thereby slightly deflected from its straight line course. The vibrating device (20) is set into oscillating movement by an excitation device (30). The frequency (f.sub.o) at which the vibration of the device (20) becomes established is directly dependent upon the tension P in the group of threads or the fabric, and this tension can therefore be determined from the frequency f.sub.o. The vibrating device (20) may also be set into its intrinsic vibration at an intrinsic frequency f.sub.o simply by the threads (10) or fabric (11) gliding over its surface (24), and this frequency can be measured by means of a sensor (34) and transducer (35). A particularly advantageous construction of the vibrating device (20) consists of a plate with a notch (26) lying on a knife edge (27).

Abstract: A measuring head has a coil and a contact part for contacting an insulating layer whose thickness is to be measured. The construction and arrangment of the coil are so chosen that in the region of the end face of the contact part, the geometric locations of the points of the conductor which produce an identical change in inductance of the coil lie on concentric circles. The end face of the contact part has a contour which conforms to these concentric circles. Measurement of the thickness of an insulating layer such as a cable sheath thereby becomes independent of the relative position between the measuring head and the material being measured. Accurate guidance of the cable is no longer necessary.

Abstract: The apparatus contains two fixed ultrasound transmitters, an ultrasound receiver forming part of the movable object, and a calculator. A trigger signal from the calculator releases ultrasonic pulses on the ultrasound transmitters and the calculator determines the coordinates of the ultrasound receiver and hence of the movable object from the times required for the ultrasonic pulses to travel from the ultrasound transmitters to the ultrasound receiver and from the distance between the ultrasound transmitter. The apparatus is suitable in particular for controlling the cursor on a screen by means of a so-called "mouse" and enables precise determination of position and accurate and simple calculation of coordinates and may therefore be used as so-called "digitizer" for geometric data processing.

Abstract: For determining the cross-section of running yarns, rovings and slivers in the textile industry, or of cables and filaments a test object is passed through an enclosed sonic chamber in which standing waves of at least two frequencies are generated by sonic emitters and their state is sensed by sonic receivers. The cross-section of the test object is determined by changes caused by the test object to the standing wave with respect to amplitudes, phases and/or pulses compared with undisturbed wave propagation. The particular arrangement of sonic emitters and sonic receivers causes especially appropriate modes of standing waves to be generated which act with optimum influence on the test object. As the device is used directly on production machines, which experience unavoidable vibrations during operation, measures are provided for at least partial compensation of unwanted signals caused by vibrations in the sonic receivers by their appropriate location and reciprocal electrical connection.

Abstract: Vehicles are measured and photographed from the direction in which they are travelling by a Doppler radar speed measuring device equipped with a camera. During a measuring stage after the vehicle enters the radar beam, a measured speed value is determined and when this exceeds a specific limit value, the camera is triggered. The Doppler signal for checking the measured speed value is then further evaluated over a verification distance. If the measured speed value is confirmed then it is printed on the photograph at the end of the verification distance, if it has not been confirmed, then a cancellation indicator is printed. The film is then advanced and the detection of the entry of another vehicle is awaited. As a result of this checking of the measured speed value, the measuring reliability when registering oncoming vehicles is substantially increased and overtaking in particular can be detected in the range of the radar beam.

Abstract: A stopping mechanism includes a brake device for an insertion device and a detector for determining the position of the insertion device. The detector includes a sensor which subjects the insertion device to electromagnetic radiation in the microwave range and operates on the Doppler principle. The position of the insertion device is determined by counting the number of crossover points of the Doppler signal in relation to a reference position. The detector has a high degree of resolution and is particularly suitable for looms using gripper shuttles. It is also highly flexible in the location in which the sensor may be arranged in the stopping mechanism.

Abstract: A rapidly reacting measuring element is used at the delivery of the drafting zone on autolevelling drawframes used in the textile industry, which makes it possible to superimpose on the signal thus obtained from the measuring element by means of an electronic system a further measurement signal at the delivery of the drawing passage and thus correct the parameters governing the drafting values in such a way that even short-term variations in cross-section of the textile material are levelled out. The critical factors here are especially the delay time T of the textile material between the correcting element (pair of drafting rollers with variable speed of rotation) and the measuring element and also the overall amplification V of the measurement signal.

Abstract: In providing digital filters for remote control receivers, in particular, for audio-frequency centralized ripple control receivers in an economic manner, it is advantageous to be able to use a processor unit with as low a bit number as possible (for example, an 8-bit microcomputer). In a conventional design of a filter according to the prior art, the dynamic range which is provided with an 8-bit processor element is insufficient in ensuring a perfect operation of the filter when a quality factor Q of about 30 is needed for the intended purpose of use and, on the other hand, when the dynamic range of the wanted signal which is given in practice is taken into consideration. A solution is indicated which overcomes these difficulties, which particularly involves the selected arrangement of zeros in the pass-band of the filter.

Abstract: The length of fabric is scanned continuously directly at the weaving machine and any defective variations from the texture judged to be normal are determined and displayed. Scanning is performed by an electrical-optical scanning head traversing across the width of the cloth and in the evaluation of the signals of the scanning head those signals are preferentially treated which represent an excessive variation from a specified size or number, or which have a certain periodicity. The variations of the type mentioned are representative of warp stripes and weft bars and consequently are very serious cloth faults. These cloth faults can now by means of scanning be detected directly at the weaving machine sufficiently early for corrective action to be taken in the weaving process before large quantities of fabric are produced with these faults. Thereby the occurrence of fabric of inferior quality is at least considerably reduced.

Abstract: The transmitter generates a current signal typical of the data to be transmitted, as a load current of a specific load resistance. To transmit this current signal, the load resistance is connected for a short time to a voltage source, with the result that a series of current pulses (I) is produced. The times of generation and/or the duration of these current pulses are chosen so that the resulting transmitted signal corresponds at least approximately to a desired theoretical signal (R). The method is very flexible with regard to the frequency of the current signal, and the transmitter requires neither amplifiers nor tuned resonant circuits which play a role in determining the transmission frequency. The method is particularly suitable for transmission, to a central unit, of data concerning, for example, the counter reading from counters distributed over the network or concerning the executed command from ripple control receivers.

Abstract: Optical measuring devices for textile yarns require a homogeneous measuring field in order not to interpret changes in position of the yarn as additional changes in the cross-section or diameter. To form a homogeneous measuring field, it is proposed to insert in each case one light guide between the light source and the measuring field or between the measuring field and the light receiver, the purpose of the said light guide being to achieve a homogeneous light distribution in a measuring field intercepted by the yarn by means of internal reflection of the light passing therethrough. Such light guides can be made of transparent plastic and have the advantageous property that they can be curved, folded or twisted without the light guided by them escaping through the surface. By polishing or mirror-coating the surface of the light guides, the dispersion can be further reduced.

Abstract: A sample stream is conditioned by the addition of reagents and the ion concentration is measured by means of a measuring system which can be connected to an arrangement for releasing an appropriate calibrating substance. The calibrating substance used is a soluble glass for the defined release of a known quantity of the ions to be measured, and the reference concentration is established directly in the sample stream. There is therefore no need for a calibrating solution or a metering pump for the latter, and disturbances due to the undesired transfer of impurities and reactive ions are avoided. The method is particularly suitable for the analysis of Na.sup.+, the soluble glass being a sodium polyphosphate glass.