Abstract: A gaseous feed stream comprising hydrogen fluoride and 1,1-difluoroethane is contacted with liquid organic barrier material in a condensing zone to partially condense the feed stream. The gaseous phase remaining after the partial condensation comprises most of the 1,1-difluoroethane originally present in the feed stream while the liquid condensate comprises most of the hydrogen fluoride originally present in the feed stream. The gaseous phase and the liquid condensate are removed from the condensing zone as separate streams. Less than about 50 percent of the 1,1-difluoroethane originally present in the feed stream reacts with hydrogen fluoride to form 1,1,1-trifluoroethane during the partial condensation and the removal of the separate streams from the condensing zone. The preferred liquid organic barrier material is 1,1,-trifluoroethane.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for removing acid gases such as halogen acids and sulfur oxides from a hot flue gas by contacting the gas with a finely-divided, pre-moistened and partially-agglomerated, intimate mixture of a solid alkaline reagent and a deliquescent compound. The dry akaline reactang/deliquescent compound mix is pre-conditioned by exposure to a gas of controlled humidity for a time sufficient to cause partial liquefaction of the deliquescent compound. Contact at controlled humidity conditions may be effected in a treating vessel or in a transport duct prior to injection into the hot flue gas. Alternatively, the dispersed deliquescent compound may be separately liquefied prior to mixing with the alkaline solids. Liquefaction of the deliquescent compound is achieved by controlling the partial pressure of water vapor in the conditioning gas mixture at a level higher than the equilibrium vapor pressure of the liquefied deliquescent material or its highest hydrate.

Abstract: Supercritical CO.sub.2 is dried by use of a desiccant composition comprising glycerine and bis-hydroxymethyl dioxane, especially a by-product composition recovered from an effluent stream from the production of epoxy resins.

Abstract: Chlorine dioxide is formed by reduction of sodium chlorate in a sulphuric acid-containing reaction medium. Sulphuric acid is introduced to the reaction medium in air atomized form to promote rapid and efficient mixing of the sulphuric acid, thereby avoiding chlorine dioxide decomposition at hot spots resulting from inefficient mixing of acid with the reaction medium.

Abstract: An elastic bar member is clamped to an orbiting mass oscillator and the entire assembly is suspended from a cable or the like such that the bar member has freedom of lateral motion and is nakedly immersed in a leachant having a material contained therein such as a mineral ore from which metal is to be extracted. The rotor of the orbiting mass oscillator is driven at a speed such as to generate cycloidal sonic energy in the bar preferably at a frequency such as to set up resonant standing wave vibration of the bar in a cycloidal nutating pattern. The cycloidal vibrational energy tends to set the surrounding fluid material into a whirling rotation or rotary traveling wave which facilitates the mixing of the ore and leachant and enhances the leaching operation to make for more complete separation of the mineral from the ore.

Abstract: Chlorine is produced by oxidizing byproduced hydrogen chloride. An offgas containing hydrogen chloride as a byproduct is reacted with oxygen at 300.degree.-500.degree. C. in the presence of a catalyst which contains chromic oxide (Cr.sub.2 O.sub.3) as a principal component. The resulting gas is cooled rapidly and then washed with water to recover vaporized chromium. The hydrogen chloride is then absorbed in water to recover it as an aqueous hydrochloric acid solution. The still remaining portion of the resultant gas is washed with sulfuric acid to remove water from the same, followed by compression and cooling. The resulting liquefied chlorine is separated. The still remaining gas composed principally of oxygen is thereafter returned to the oxidation step.

Abstract: H.sub.2 S is removed from substantially supercritical CO.sub.2 by contact with a sorbent solution comprising (a) a tertiary amine; (b) particular physical co-sorbent; and (c) 3-10% w water.

Abstract: Anhydrous aluminum chloride is prepared by reacting .gamma.-alumina with carbon monoxide and chlorine and/or phosgene in a fluidized bed at from 400.degree. to 700.degree. C. The .gamma.-alumina used gives, with CuK.sub..alpha. radiation, an X-ray diffraction pattern whose intensity at the diffraction angle 2.sup..crclbar. =42.8.degree..+-.0.4.degree. divided by the intensity at the diffraction angle 2.sup..crclbar. =45.7.degree..+-.0.2.degree. is .ltoreq.0.38.

Abstract: A process for manufacturing high purity anhydrous hydrogen fluoride (HF) having low levels of arsenic impurity by contacting anhydrous hydrogen fluoride product, or an intermediate product obtained during the manufacture of HF, with hydrogen peroxide in the presence of a catalyst which comprises effective amounts of molybdenum or an inorganic molybdenum compound and a phosphate compound. The volatile trivalent arsenic impurity in the anhydrous hydrogen fluoride is oxidized to a non-volatile pentavalent arsenic compound and the resultant mixture is distilled to recover high purity anhydrous hydrogen fluoride with reduced levels of arsenic impurity. In one embodiment, an oxidizing agent such as nitric acid or a nitrate salt is added to the reaction mixture to oxidize organic contaminants.

Abstract: Liquid sulfur is degassed by passing through a bed of catalyst comprising at least one inorganic metal sulfide.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for producing a graphite fluoride for use in an electrochemical cell of the type having as the negative electrode a light metal, such as an alkali metal, an electrolyte in which the negative electrode is not dissolved, and a positive electrode which has, as an active material, a graphite fluoride produced by fluorinating a decomposition residual carbon which has been obtained by decomposing a covalent intercalation compound. The electrochemical cell of the present invention exhibits high discharge potential and low overvoltage, and excellent discharge characteristics with respect to the flatness of discharge voltage, discharge capacity and shelf-life.

Abstract: A complex method was developed for the conversion of an ammonium fluoride solution and an ammonium fluoride/potassium fluoride solution into sodium bifluoride, active sodium fluoride and hydrogen fluoride, with potassium nitrate as a co-product and a concentrated solution of ammonium nitrate as a by-product. Quickly settling crystals of sodium bifluoride containing a very small amount of water after centrifugation are obtained with high efficiency from the reaction which occurs during the mixing of a concentrated solution of sodium fluoride in aqueous nitric acid with the ammonium fluoride solution. The by-product of the reaction is a very concentrated solution of ammonium nitrate. Potassium nitrate is precipitated from the ammonium fluoride/potassium fluoride solution after the addition of ammonium nitrate and after cooling. The mother solution formed in the crystalization is applied to the precipitation of sodium bifluoride.

Abstract: In a process for removing amines having normal boiling points under 100.degree. C., present in an oxygen-containing gas, which comprises passing the amine-containing gas through activated carbon and releasing the gas into the atmosphere, said gas containing from about 5 ppm by volume to about 5,000 ppm by volume of amines, the improvement which comprises adding about 500 ppm to about 30,000 ppm by volume of gaseous carbon dioxide to said gas prior to passing the gas through the activated carbon.