Abstract: A booklet, such as a passbook is transferred to the position, in which a page turning device is provided, on a base, by a transfer mechanism comprising driving and follower rollers. During a page turning operation, the booklet is pressed from the rear side thereof against the page turning device by a pressing force which is varied in accordance with the rigidity of the paper in the booklet. The page turning device is turned with the booklet, pressed against the same, to transfer the booklet at a speed according to the turning condition of the uppermost paper in the booklet, whereby the page turning operation is carried out.

Abstract: Most contacts that are used in electrical switchgear are prone to erosion due to electrical arcs that are developed at the make and break of a circuit. Arcing is one of the major problems that can cause catastrophic failure of switchgear. In accordance with the invention, a discreet, controlled semiconductor switching assembly is provided within the conventional contact structure to reduce arcing. The semiconductor switching assembly includes a voltage-controlled gate that permits current flow through the contact only when desired. Current is allowed to flow only when the contact gap has been completely closed and is prevented from flowing immediately before the contacts are opened. Thus, there is very little current available to form an arc plasma, and, therefore, erosion of the contact surface is minimal, being mostly the product of mechanical wear.