Abstract: An improved particle beam optical apparatus of the type having an evacuated housing with two sequential zones along the beam axis to be maintained at different low absolute pressures. A pressure stage detachably mounted in the housing between the zones is divided by an apertured partition into two portions communicating with the respective zones. From each portion a conduit leads through the body of the pressure stage for connection to respective vacuum pumps, the centerlines of the conduits lying in a common plane perpendicular to the beam axis. The body of the pressure stage preferably is adjustably mounted in a rigid support ring that is attached in vaccum-tight relation to the housing. The arrangement simplifies the vacuum connections, minimizes distortion of the housing and misalignment of the beam generating and control elements, and provides adjustment capability of the partition aperture.

Abstract: Valuable information on the presence or absence of uranium-enriched ores, geothermal reservoirs, or natural gas sources is obtained by analyzing earth samples for their relative Po210 content.

Abstract: An arrangement of selective filters, an optical converter layer and optoelectric device is disclosed having high sensitivity, linearity, and selectivity of wavelength band. The arrangement is demonstrated effectively as an ultraviolet sensing device using a commercial silicon phototransistor. An ultraviolet sensing device coupled with suitable electronics is disclosed which is capable of measuring the amount of exposure to ultraviolet light.

Abstract: This apparatus obtains information about the interior of optically opaque objects rectilinearly translated therethrough. This apparatus assures the conformity of objects to predetermined constraints for purposes of quality control, and enables content identification.

Abstract: An instrument for protecting sensitive infrared detectors, such as those d in satellites, from being damaged by exposure to high intensity radiation. The high intensity radiation may come from a high power cw laser. A gas absorption cell is used between the detector and the collecting optics to limit the amount of radiation reaching the detector. However, if it is desirable to also protect the collecting optics, then the gas absorption cell may be used in front of the collecting optics. In either case, the pressure in the absorption cell is controlled by the output reading of the detector; in that, when the rate of increase of the intensity is less than a predetermined value and the intensity is less than 90% of its saturation value then there is no gas in the absorption cell and the detector operates normally.

Abstract: An x-ray source, whose output is collimated into a thin fan-shaped beam, and detector means spaced from the source are mounted for scanning and orbiting jointly about a body in a partial or complete revolution to provide x-ray intensity data for reconstructing an image. The detector and source combination and the body are moved relative to each other in an axial direction for scanning the body layers in sequence. In one embodiment the x-ray source is pulsed as it scans and in another the fan-shaped beam is on continuously and readout is done sequentially so in either case a large number of intensities for each layer are obtained. A high precision encoder system is used to synchronize x-ray pulses and readouts spatially and with line frequency. Means are provided for storing the cables which lead to the rotatable source, and the detectors and other moveable components. An embodiment for scanning a body part such as a breast has means for conditioning and controlling water in which the part is immersed.

Abstract: The ultraviolet sensing device disclosed herein employs a visible light sensitive photoconductive cell which is protected from direct exposure to ultraviolet light by a housing. Ultraviolet light entering the housing through a quartz window illuminates a fluorescent material and the photoconductive cell is oriented so as to receive visible light given off by the fluorescent material while being shielded from the direct ultraviolet rays.

Abstract: A system and method for converting an infrared image to a visible image includes a luminescent film having two distinct visible spectral components that are temperature dependent, the intensity of one component decreasing with an increase in temperature and the intensity of the other component increasing with an increase in temperature. The infrared image is extracted from the ratio of the intensities of the components.

Abstract: A bolometer for the detection of radiation includes a thin film of bismuth having electrical contacts formed at its outer boundary edge whereby electrical signals, as a function of the X and Y positions of input radiation, appear as output signals at the contacts. A measure of the radiant energy striking the detector is used to ratio X and Y to make the instrument insensitive to changes in power input.

Abstract: A layer of epitaxial silicon is grown on a silicon growth substrate, a thin ayer of silicon dioxide or other suitable insulator is grown (in the case of silicon dioxide) or deposited (for other insulators) on the epitaxial layer, and a thick layer of polysilicon is grown on the dioxide layer. The silicon growth substrate is then removed, and the epitaxial layer is etched to form islands on the insulator layer. Some of the islands are doped to form an array of infrared sensitive detectors, and a large island is doped to act as CCD region. Electrical leads are fabricated, some to provide drive and output lines for the CCDs, other to provide connections of the detectors to respective CCDs, and yet others to provide common leads for the detectors.

Abstract: A scintillation camera has a planar scintillating crystal that produces light events whose spatial distribution corresponds to the spatial distribution of the radiation stimuli causing such events, and a plurality of photomultipliers having photocathodes for receiving light from the crystal through a planar face thereof. Computing circuitry coupled to the photomultipliers computes the projection of a light event in the crystal on a reference axis by forming an analytical function of the outputs of the photomultipliers according to the spatial location of the light event in the crystal.

Abstract: Fluorescent X-ray image intensifying screen comprising discrete particles of fluorescent material dispersed in a binder layer which screen has an outer layer containing solid particulate material protruding from a coherent film forming organic binder medium and having a static friction coefficient at room temperature not higher than 0.30 on steel.

Abstract: A passive target array, for measuring the resolution of infrared reconnaissance sets, having a heat retaining background pad. A plurality of perforated aluminum strips are laid on the pad in a conventional photographic resolution target configuration.

Abstract: A radiation detector for simultaneously detecting electromagnetic radiation from a number of separate receiving regions by means of a single radiation receiver. Optical bundling means are arranged such that they direct the radiation emanating from the individual receiving regions onto the single radiation receiver. The optical bundling means comprise surfaces having two different main radii of curvature. The radiation receiver is arranged at the one main focal point of the individual surfaces.

Abstract: An irradiating device has an electronic accelerator, an actuating and monitoring device, means for expanding and homogenizing the electronic ray with respect to electron density and a diaphragm for side limiting the electronic beam. The invention is particularly characterized by the provision of a measuring device containing several radiation detectors connected to the actuating and monitoring device for increasing the operational safety of the irradiating device and located in the electronic beam in the ray direction behind the means for expanding and homogenizing the electronic beam. At least the first of these radiation detectors is located in the angular space range of the unscattered electronic ray.

Abstract: A gamma camera within a signal generating system encompassing a stage converting an image which is to be photographed into an electron image, following which there is a locating or position-finding system from which signals emanate which facilitate the pictorial reproduction of the incident radiation.

Abstract: Radiant energy is converted into electric energy by irradiating a capacitor including a layer of an intrinsic or lightly doped semiconductor, having opposite faces on which first and second insulating layers are respectively provided. First and second metallic contacts are respectively provided on the first and second insulating layers. The radiant energy cyclically heats the dielectric to cause cyclic changes in the capacitance and resistance of the capacitor. The capacitor is initially charged to a voltage just below the breakdown voltage of the insulating and semiconductor layers by temporarily connecting it across a D.C. source to cause a current to flow through a charging resistor to the capacitor. The device can be utilized as a radiant energy detector, as well as a solar energy cell.

Abstract: A relationship exists between the concentration of ethanol in human breath and blood. Ethanol absorbs infra-red energy in the region of 3.46 mu. In this method the concentration of ethanol in breath is measured by collecting a sample in a chamber and passing through it a filtered, directional, and interrupted beam of infra-red energy at 3.46 mu. The path length is fixed. The exit energy falls on a tuned radiant energy detector. This beam is compared with a similar beam of radiant energy not capable of being absorbed by ethanol. The two signals are fed into a differential amplifier which activates a servo-system that moves a tapered radiant-energy absorbing medium in the path of one of the energy beams until a null condition is achieved. The distance the tapered medium must be moved to establish the null condition is measured by a potentiometer operably associated with it.

Abstract: A collimator is provided for a scintillation camera system in which a detector precesses in an orbit about a patient. The collimator is designed to have high resolution and lower sensitivity with respect to radiation traveling in paths laying wholly within planes perpendicular to the cranial-caudal axis of the patient. The collimator has high sensitivity and lower resolution to radiation traveling in otherplanes. Variances in resolution and sensitivity are achieved by altering the length, spacing or thickness of the septa of the collimator.

Abstract: An oil-contaminated water stream is monitored by continuously exciting and measuring fluorescence in the stream at a monitoring point and producing a continuous monitoring indication accordingly, recurrently withdrawing from the stream samples of the contaminated water, determining the oil content of each sample by an infra-red absorption procedure, comparing each oil determination with the monitoring indication pertaining to the appropriate part of the stream and correcting or recalibrating the monitoring indication accordingly.