Abstract: A process of reducing the oxygen content in gas mixtures to 0.0-1.5% by volume, in which process the gas is contacted with a solution containing anthrahydroquinone derivatives capable of being oxidized with molecular oxygen under formation of hydrogen peroxide. The supply of oxygen is so adjusted that the amount of oxygen supplied, upon quantitative formation of hydrogen peroxide, stoichiometrically corresponds to not more than 90%, preferably 50%, of the supplied amount of anthrahydroquinone derivative. The hydrogen peroxide content at the contact surfaces between the solution and the gas must not exceed 100 millimols per liter at a simultaneous oxygen gas pressure of not more than 100 millibars. The oxygen-poor gas mixture in accordance with the process of this invention may be used as a protective or inert gas in chemical process industries where use is made of inflammable gases.

Abstract: An electrodialysis desalination process for seawater comprising the steps of collecting seawater and heating same by solar heat; subjecting seawater thus heated to electrodialysis; and separating same into two portions of a diluted solution and a concentrated brine, is provided, as well as the same system comprising a preheater utilizing solar heat for preheating seawater, an electrodialyser for separating seawater thus preheated by said preheater into said two portions, and means for supplying seawater to the preheater and then from the preheater to the electrodialyser. Various modifications of the above process and system are disclosed. According to the present inventions, electric power consumption in the electrodialysis is saved and solar heat is utilized effectively.

Abstract: A porous diaphragm for an electrolytic cell enables, e.g., the electrolysis of NaCl to NaOH, in high concentration and in good yield, said diaphragm comprising an electrolytically acceptable porous sheet member having a total pore volume and average equivalent pore diameter adapted for electrolysis, and having an ion exchange resin fixedly deposited within the pores and occupying from 8 to 30% of the total pore volume thereof.

Abstract: An electrodialysis desalination process for seawater comprising the steps of collecting seawater and heating same by solar heat; subjecting seawater thus heated to electrodialysis; and separating same into two portions of a diluted solution and a concentrated brine, is provided, as well as the same system comprising a preheater utilizing solar heat for preheating seawater, an electrodialyser for separating seawater thus preheated by said preheater into said two portions, and means for supplying seawater to the preheater and then from the preheater to the electrodialyser. Various modifications of the above process and system are disclosed. According to the present inventions, electric power consumption in the electrodialysis is saved and solar heat is utilized effectively.

Abstract: An apparatus is disclosed for generating an acidified aqueous salt solution and an aqueous base in a multichamber two-compartment electrodialytic water splitter which comprises alternating bipolar and first cation permselective membranes and at least one additional substantially non-porous, water-swollen cation permselective or neutral membrane disposed between a cation face of the bipolar membrane and a face of said first cation membrane thereby defining at least two acid compartments and a base compartment positioned between an anode and a cathode.

Abstract: An apparatus for and a method for separating a mixture of proteins containing proteins of different isoelectric points, which method comprises flowing an aqueous feed stream containing the mixture of proteins along a thin-channel flow path established between first and second gas-permeable membranes, diffusing a gas through the first and second membranes and generally transversely across the flow path of the feed stream, the gas selected to establish a gradient in the concentration of the gas and to provide a gradient in pH across the flow path of the feed stream, and, after a defined time period, separating the feed stream into streams containing concentrated fractions of proteins having defined isoelectric points, by virtue of the difference in the direction of diffusion occurring of the proteins in the flow path.

Abstract: A fluidized bed combustor is utilized as a source of drains, including spent calcium-based sorbent. The reacted sorbent is broken to expose unreacted portions which can be recycled to capture additional sulfur compounds. A separation is provided by a magnetic separator and an electrophoretic separator in order to obviate the load of recycling reacted sorbent and other waste material having no calorific value.

Abstract: The method and apparatus for rinsing an electrodialysis electrode provides isolation from the fluid being electrodialyzed. The method utilizes the natural circulation of the liquid and provides an exchange between the anode and cathode liquids while maintaining electrical isolation to thereby improve the efficiency of the electrodialysis cell and reducing the power requirements. The method of rinsing makes use of the gas generated at the electrodes to provide a motivating fluid for circulating the electrode rinse liquid. Circulation of the fluid is carried out in the slug flow region to provide electrical isolation. In the multi chamber apparatus the chamber adjacent to both of the electrode chambers contains the dilute liquid and is positioned between the electrode chamber and the chamber containing the concentrated solution to prevent migration of ions from the concentrated solution into the electrode chamber to contaminate the electrode.

Abstract: An improved cathodic electrocoating composition comprises an aqueous suspension of synthetic, cation-active, film-forming latex particles characterized by a latex gel content that is not substantially above about 10%.

Abstract: The invention relates to the protection of the environment.The invention may be most efficiently used for removing from aqueous media ions of heavy, non-ferrous and noble metals, organic substances, flotation reagents and petroleum products.The process comprises dissolving a metal anode in the presence of a non-soluble cathode and precipitating organic and inorganic impurities on the resultant compounds. The precipitation is conducted using a cathode made of a material having a potential which is higher than the potential of the anode, the electrodes being alternately brought in contact with the air oxygen and the liquor being treated.An apparatus for carrying out the process comprises a drum having openings for charging a metal scrap and the liquor being treated and for discharging the resultant precipitate. Wings are concentrically arranged on the inner surface of the drum. A perforated partition wall is provided adjacent to the outlet opening for preventing the loss of scrap from the drum.

Abstract: A process for cathodic electrodeposition of small particle, below 20 .mu.m, resin powders coated with precipitated or adsorbed metal oxide or hydroxide at a pH below the isoelectric point giving a zeta potential of at least 35 millivolts. The preparation of the bath is also part of the invention.

Abstract: A cell unit for observing electrophoresis comprisinga seal member in the form of an endless loop having penetrating holes passing therethrough between outside and inside of the loop at opposing positions of a circumferential wall thereof,a cell situated substantially in the inside of the loop, the cell defining therein a space for accommodating a liquid specimen, an electrophoretic property of which is to be observed, and including a pair of tubular end parts each having an opening communicated with the space and being fitted in a liquid-tight manner to the respective one of the penetrating holes in the seal members, anda pair of enclosing members, for defining, around the cell, a space for accommodating a liquid to control a temperature of the specimen in the cell, each enclosing member having an edge in the form the endless loop in close contact with a respective one end face, in the form of the loop, of the seal member ensures an easy mounting of the measurement cell at a desired position.

Abstract: A cleaning fluid such as a chemical decontamination solution originally containing one or more cleaning or decontamination reagents in low concentrations and deteriorated after a cleaning or decontamination treatment step by containing metal oxides therein can be regenerated by introducing such a deteriorated cleaning fluid into an electrolytic cell, passing a direct current through said cleaning fluid between two electrodes, and removing said metal oxides by depositing dissolved metal ions on the cathode as metals from the cleaning fluid.

Abstract: An improved cathodic electrocoating composition comprises an aqueous suspension of cation-active, film-forming, amino-stabilized synthetic latex binder particles characterized by being practically free of amino monomer and amino initiator fragments and containing not substantially more than about 15% of low molecular weight material including solvents based on the latex solids content.

Abstract: Improved gloss retention of a cured film deposited by cathodic electrocoating is obtained when the principal binder is an aqueous suspension of synthetic, cation-active, film-forming, emulsion-polymerized latex particles, which latex is characterized by Tg of at least about 20.degree. and desirably even higher.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor capable of determining the partial pressure of various gases (e.g., CO, CO.sub.2, H.sub.2 S, alcohol vapors, hydrocarbons, NO.sub.x, etc.) and, optionally, substantially concurrently, but independently, oxygen content in gases and liquids. The sensor measures the amount of chemisorbent species formed either electrochemically by partial reduction (such as "Reduced-CO.sub.2 " in the case of CO.sub.2) or partial oxidation (in the case of alcohol) or non-electrochemically via specific adsorption (in the case of CO and hydrocarbons) on platinum or other metals. The charge required to oxidize this chemisorbed species is proportional to the amount of adsorbate on the electrode surface which is made a reproducible and reliable function of the partial pressure of the gas to be measured. By the proper selection of the sensor construction and electrical parameters, high sensitivity, fast response time, and high selectivity can be obtained.

Abstract: The oxygen sensor for exhaust gas of internal combustion engine includes a solid electrolyte tube having an inner electrode coated on the inner surface of said electrolyte tube outer electrode formed on outer surface of said electrolyte tube and disposed on the outside surface thereof so as to come in contact with exhaust gas and a metallic protective tube coaxially surrounding said electrode with a spacing therefrom. The sidewall of the protective tube has two similarly arranged matrices of holes, each hole being made by cutting an arcuate edge on the sidewall and bending the thus cut portion toward the inside of the protective tube, and the holes of one matrix are interposed among the holes of the other matrix while being offset therefrom in both the longitudinal and circumferential directions of the protective tube.

Abstract: A method of providing a stone chip-resistant finish to the undersurface of an automobile is disclosed in which the undersurface is coated with a cationically initiated liquid mixture of cationically curable polyepoxide, polyhydric alcohol, and a photoinitiator for an ultraviolet-activated cationic cure. The liquid mixture is applied at a resin solids content of at least about 50% and in a thickness to provide a cured coating of at least 2 mils thick, and the wet coating is cured by exposing it to ultraviolet light. The automobile undersurface is desirably primed with a cross-linked amine-functional polymer primer, and the coating includes from 1% to 8% of a finely divided silica which prevents running but does not interfere with the ultraviolet cure.

Abstract: A process and apparatus for converting alkali metal sulfate values, such as sodium or potassium sulfate values in spent rayon spin bath liquors, into alkali metal hydroxide and alkali metal sulfate/sulfuric acid by using two- or three-compartment electrodialytic water splitter cells. The process and apparatus incorporate the features of: (a) feeding a liquid comprising water to the base compartment of an electrodialytic water splitter, (b) feeding a liquid comprising alkali metal sulfate values to the remaining compartments of the electrodialytic water splitter (c) passing current through said electrodialytic water splitter to produce liquid comprising alkali metal sulfate and sulfuric acid in one of the remaining compartments and a liquid comprising alkali metal hydroxide in said base compartment. The liquid fed to the acid compartments of two- and three-compartment cells may contain H.sub.2 SO.sub.4. When more than about 5 weight percent H.sub.2 SO.sub.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method of controlling an electrocoating bath using an ion exchange resin. The ion exchange resin is maintained in a porous container in a suspended state in the electrocoating bath, and is used in a quantity of not more than the chemical equivalent of excess counter-ion to be removed from the bath. Bath control is easily achieved without any coagulation trouble as often observed in conventional column methods.