Abstract: An azeotropic refrigerant mixture having low GWP and low ODP properties and saving on energy in amounts of from 8% to 17% and consisting of a blend of hydrogen bromide and a fluorohydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of R-123 dichlorotrifluoroethane (CHCl.sub.2 CF.sub.3); R-124 chlorotetrafluoroethane (CHFCICF.sub.3); R-134a tetrafluoroethane (CF.sub.3 CH.sub.2 F); R-142B chlorodifluoroethane (CH.sub.3 CClF.sub.2); R-143a trifluoroethane (CH.sub.3 CF.sub.3); R-152a difluoroethane (CH.sub.3 CHF.sub.2); and R-22 chlorodifluoromethane (CHClF.sub.2), with the HBr component being present in an amount ranging up to less than about 30% by volume, balance fluorohydrocarbon. Preferred blends consist of hydrogen bromide in an amount ranging from between about 8% and 17% by volume.

Abstract: Silver tarnishing is inhibited when using ether stabilized, n-propyl bromide based cleaning compositions by including a small amount of an acetylenic compound in the compositions.

Abstract: The invention relates to the discovery of compositions useful as aerosol propellants that include a first component of butane or isobutane and a second component of 2-fluoropropane (HFC-281 ea) or 1-fluoropropane (HFC-282 fa).

Abstract: A process of dyeing hair by preparing and applying to the hair an aqueous reaction medium comprising an aminoethanethiol, a dihydroxybenzene and a ferricyanide or persulfate oxidizing agent, the composition optionally containing a color modifier selected from the group consisting of direct dyes, primary intermediates, couplers and mixtures thereof, and also containing a buffer to maintain the pH in the range from 2 to 11 during the oxidation reaction, and removing the aqueous reaction medium from the hair after the desired color is attained, and compositions and kits for practicing such processes.

Abstract: An ester blend, including an ester having neopentylglycol and a source of 2-ethylhexanoic acid as its reactive components and an ester having pentaerythritol and a source of 2-ethylhexanoic acid as its reactive components, is especially effective as a lubricant for chlorine-free fluorocarbon refrigerant heat transfer fluids, particularly Refrigerant 134a (1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane).

Abstract: The azeotropic compositions of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and 1,1-difluoroethane and the azeotropic and azeotropic-like composition of 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethane and one of, 1-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane, perfluorocyclobutane, n-butane, isobutane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane, and their use as refrigerants, aerosol propellants and blowing agents for polymer foams, are disclosed. The azeotropic and azeotrope-like compositions of 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoroethane and one of perfluorocyclobutane and 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-heptafluoropropane are also useful as fire extinguishants.

Abstract: In order to replace compositions based on CFC or on HCFC in applications for cleaning or drying solid surfaces (in particular defluxing), the invention proposes azeotropic or virtually azeotropic compositions based on 1,1,1,2,3,4,4,5,5,5-decafluoropentane, methylene chloride and optionally methanol.

Abstract: An antifreeze/coolant position is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit corrosion of metals, particularly cast aluminum and cast iron, and can also inhibit cavitation damage to metals in an engine cooling system. The anitifreeze/coolant composition comprises a glycol as the chief ingredient, 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least on ingredient selected from among C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 aliphatic monobasic acids and their salts, and 0.1-5.0% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among cinnamic acid, alkylcinnamic acids, alkoxycinnanic acids and their salts.

Abstract: A group of refrigerant fluids that may be combined in novel ways to produce several excellent "drop-in" substitutes for R-134a refrigerant. Performance is increased by constructing a zeotropic mixture of refrigerants, such that a single boiling point (of R-134a) is replaced by a "temperature glide" between the mixture's "bubble point" and "dew point". The temperature glide causes the phase change area in the condenser to be larger than with a single component refrigerant such as R-134a, thereby increasing heat rejection of the condenser, which lowers head pressures, and increases capacities and efficiencies compared to R-134a. Components are also selected to attempt to reduce the overall critical temperature of the mixture of refrigerants, also increasing performance and lowering head pressures under hot conditions with undersized condensers.

Abstract: A synergistic paint removing composition is disclosed which comprises a particular selection of a plurality of known solvents in very specific proportions, namely: from 20 to 45% of aromatic hydrocarbons; from 15 to 25% of dimethylformamide; from 15 to 25% of N-methyl pyrrolidone; from 5 to 15% of a water-immiscible compound selected from the group consisting of terpene derivatives, oleoresins and mixtures thereof; and from 0.5 to 4% of at least one wetting agent, all the above percentages being expressed by weight. This composition is partially miscible in water even though some of its constituents are not water miscible, thereby making the composition easy to wash and thus preventing oily film to be left on the treated substrate. The composition according to the invention is normally in a liquid form. If desired, for some applications, a thickening agent can be added thereto to convert it to a gel.

Abstract: High oleic acid triglyceride compositions that comprise fatty acid components of at least 75% oleic acid, less than 10% diunsaturated fatty acid component; less than 3% triunsaturated fatty acid component; and less than 8% saturated fatty acid component; and having the properties of a dielectric strength of at least 35 KV/100 mil gap, a dissipation factor of less than 0.05% at 25.degree. C., acidity of less than 0.03 mg KOH/g, electrical conductivity of less than 1 pS/m at 25.degree. C., a flash point of at least 250.degree. C. and a pour point of at least -15.degree. C. are disclosed. Electrical insulation fluids comprising the triglyceride composition are disclosed. Electrical insulation fluids that comprise the triglyceride composition and a combination of additives are disclosed. Electrical apparatuses comprising the electrical insulation fluids and the use of electrical insulation fluids to provide insulation in electrical apparatuses are disclosed.

Abstract: A dual energy dependent electroviscous fluid which becomes electroviscous upon the application of both electric potential and a second form of energy such as light or pressure. Dual energy dependent fluids support a dipole sufficient for the fluids to become significantly electroviscous only upon exposure of the aggregate to the second form of energy simultaneous with the electric potential.

Abstract: An apparatus and method wherein ozone layer-damaging dichlorodifluoromethane is substituted with a mix of less environmentally damaging refrigerants chlorodifluoroethane and tetrafluoroethane in dichlorodifluoromethane-based air-cooling systems. While less environmentally damaging than dichlorodifluoromethane, the substitute refrigerant has a temperature-pressure relationship similar to that of dichlorodifluoromethane, making the substitute refrigerant suitable for use with dichlorodifluoromethane-based air-cooling systems. The substitute refrigerant can be used alone or in combination with dichlorodifluoromethane. In either event, it is mixed with a relatively small percentage of a hydrophobic lubricating oil which is compatible with both the substitute refrigerant and with dichlorodifluoromethane.

Abstract: This invention is a portable heat source that may be used to warm food, beverage or other supplies. The heater material is a solid that may be stored for long periods of time, and activated by addition of water or an aqueous solution. The heater consists of an acidic anhydride or salt together with a basic anhydride or salt, such that addition of water to both acidic and basic anhydrides produces heat as well as acid and base respectively; subsequent reaction of the acid and base produces additional heat, as well as a safe, neutral product that is easily disposed. The invention further consists of means to regulate the rate of heat production by the use of additives and processing methods, so that heat is produced at a rate compatible with the rate at which the food or other materials can absorb the heat. The invention further consists of devices incorporating the materials to be heated in an advantageous arrangement with the heater composition.

Abstract: A synergistic paint removing composition is disclosed which comprises a plurality of known solvents in very specific proportions, namely: 5 to 55% of N-methyl pyrrolidone, 6 to 45% of a dibasic ester, 5 to 40% of a terpene derivative, 2 to 15% of ethylene glycol monoethyl ether acetate and 1 to 5% of a wetting agent, all of the above percentages being expressed by weight. This composition is partially miscible in water even though some of its constituents are not water miscible, thereby making the composition easy to wash and thus preventing oily film to be left on the treated substrate. The composition according to the invention is normally in liquid form. If desired, for some applications, a thickening agent can be added thereto to convert it to a gel.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electrorheological fluid comprising fine silica particles, to which an alcohol-modified silicone oil is bonded, compounded with a nonconducting liquid, to which a polarizing agent is added as necessary. Use of fine silica particles of which the surface is modified by an alcohol-modified silicone oil according to the invention provides an electrorheological fluid which have low initial viscosity, high viscosity increase ratio and excellent dispersion stability.

Abstract: Polyol ether derivatives, a method for producing the polyol ether derivatives, and a working fluid composition for a refrigerating machine containing a hydrofluorocarbon and a refrigeration oil containing the polyol ether derivatives as a base oil.

Abstract: An antifreeze/coolant composition is disclosed, which can effectively inhibit corrosion of metals, particularly cast aluminum and cast iron, and can also inhibit cavitation damage to metals in an engine cooling system. The antifreeze/coolant composition comprises a glycol as the chief ingredient, 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among C.sub.6 -C.sub.12 aliphatic monobasic acids and their salts, and 0.1-0.5% by weight of at least one ingredient selected from among alkoxybenzoic acids having C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkoxy and their salts.

Abstract: An electrorheological fluid composition is composed of a dispersed phase of dielectric solid particles and a dispersion medium of an electrically insulating solution, wherein the solution is composed of 99-75% by weight of silicone oil and 1-25% by weight of an organic compound having at least one unsaturated bond. The composition generates a large shear stress even under an electric field of relatively low intensity, and the concurrent current density is small. The composition shows excellent performances also in terms of its withstanding dielectric breakdown strength under an electric field of high intensity and the fluidity and re-dispersibility in the absence of an electric field. In the meantime, the composition has high durability of the generated shear stress and the current density.

Abstract: A set of tropodegradable chemical additives to decrease the flammability of normally flammable refrigerants, foam blowing agents, cleaning solvents, aerosol propellants, and sterilants is disclosed. The additives are characterized by high efficiency and short atmospheric lifetimes. The latter property is essential and results in a low ozone depletion potential (ODP) and a low global warming potential (GWP). The additives are bromine-containing alkenes, bromine-containing alcohols, bromine-containing ethers with at least one hydrogen atom adjacent to the oxygen atom, bromine-containing amines with at least one hydrogen atom adjacent to the nitrogen atom, bromine-containing carbonyl compounds, bromine-containing aromatics, and/or bromine-containing non-fluorinated alkanes.