Abstract: A method and apparatus for measuring the alignment of leads along the perimeter of an integrated circuit surface mount device (SMD). The device is placed so that a first lead is within the path of a beam of light emitted from a light source. The light source is moved around the perimeter of the device so that the beam of light contacts all of the leads of the device. The angle of reflection of the beam of light off of each of the leads is detected. From this angle, the alignment of the leads is determined by first calculating a seating plane and then calculating the variation of each lead from the seating plane.

Abstract: An x-ray image intensifier including an input screen 3 having a radiation transparent support 7 on which is applied a fluorescence layer 8 of CsI, a translucent conductive barrier layer 9 which replenishes the photocathode 10 with electrons but tends to reflect incident light especially when made of metal, e.g. of aluminum 7 nm thick which reflects about 50% of the incident fluorescence. The improvement adds first and second intermediate layers 21, 22 of metal oxide e.g. respectively TiO.sub.2, MnO, which are semiconductive. The thickness of the first layer 21 adjusts the reflection amplitude to equal that at the photocathode-vacuum interface, and that of the second layer adjusts the relative phase so that the reflections cancel. The first and second layers can be non-conductors such as Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, however the second layer is then made thin enough, e.g. 25 nm or less, to allow electron conduction by tunnelling to occur.

Abstract: A microscope comprises:a mount for mounting an object, a light source for illuminating the object, an enlarging optical system including a plurality of objectives provided on a revolver, and means for receiving light from the object to enlargingly form an image of the object. An observing optical system includes an ocular lens for observing said image. The microscope further comprises a magnification selecting unit including a driving mechanism for rotating the revolver, and a magnification selection control circuit for automatically positioning said selected objective to the optical axis of the enlarging optical system. An automatic focus adjusting unit includes a focus detector opposed to the observing optical system for discriminating the enlargedly formed image, and a mount moving device for driving the mount to the position of focus in response to an output signal from the focus detector.

Abstract: A photo-electric conversion device includes a first photodiode in which a current is changed in accordance with a light intensity; a second photodiode which is connected to the first photodiode and in which a current flows in the same direction as that in the first photodiode; a light shielding structure for shielding the second photodiode with regard to light; a capacitor, connected in parallel with the second photodiode, for charging/discharging a current from the first photodiode; and an oscillator circuit for performing a switching operation in accordance with the charging/discharging operation of the capacitor so as to generate an oscillation voltage output. The light intensity is thus converted into a frequency of the oscillating voltage, and dark current in the first photodiode is discharged through the second photodiode such that the capacitor is always charged only by a current caused by received light detected by the first photodiode.

Abstract: On an essentially non-absorbing plate located in the focal plane of a laser beam to be adjusted, a plurality of marks is arranged in a definite pattern. The marks deflect the laser light incident upon them by refraction, scattering, diffraction or otherwise, and direct the deflected light onto one or several laser detectors. The detectors convert the light received into corresponding electrical signals which may used for the fine adjustment of the laser beam by an evaluating electronic device.

Abstract: A controller device for supplying power from a power source to a load including an assembly mounted for rotation, a motor for rotating the assembly, the assembly having relatively conductive and high resistance portions and an annular flange with an opening formed therethrough, a photocell or other position detector having a light producing portion located on one side of the flange and a light sensitive portion located on the opposite side thereof, a pair of spaced brushes positioned to make contact with the assembly during rotation thereof, at least one of the brushes periodically making contact with the high resistance portion thereof, a gated current conducting element having a gate electrode operatively connected to the light sensitive portion of the photocell to produce a conducting condition therein when light from the light producing portion of the photocell reaches the light sensitive portion thereof during rotation of the rotating assembly, circuitry including connections to the brushes and the curre

Abstract: An elongated optical fiber apparatus for transmitting a light signal toward a first end of the apparatus situated within a fluid to be analyzed, and for transmitting a returning light signal that is indicative of a specified characteristic of the fluid toward a second end of the apparatus that is situated outside the fluid. The optical fiber apparatus includes a light conductive cable capable of transmitting light with a hole formed in its first end. Disposed substantially entirely within this hole is a reactive element that reacts with the fluid to alter a property of the light that is indicative of a specified characteristic of the fluid.

Abstract: An apparatus for testing an array of infrared detectors includes a number of optical switches, each of which is individually addressable with light to change its electrical characteristics. Each of the optical switches has a first side and a second side. The first side of each optical switch is adapted to receive a detector of the infrared detector array to be tested. The apparatus also includes an electrode coupled to the second side of each optical switch. Further, the apparatus includes a detector circuit coupled to the electrode and to a probe adapted to be coupled to the infrared detector array for detecting changes in the electrical characteristics of the optical switches and the infrared detector elements in response to light addressing the individual test elements.

Abstract: An active optical sensing device and method which uses a transmitter to transmit directional electromagnetic radiation and a plurality of detecting devices for receiving radiation reflected off of a target and for providing output signals in response thereto. The signals are sent to a logic circuit for processing in time and amplitude to differentiate between a target and an aerosol.

Abstract: Tire information marks for denoting tire kind, tire size, etc. formed in a surface of side wall of tire as protrusion or groove having a triangular cross section are optically detected by illuminating the surface of side wall of tire from a first direction substantially perpendicular to the surface of side wall of tire and a second direction inclined with respect to the surface of side wall of tire, and picking up an image of the surface of side wall of tire thus illuminated from the two different directions to derive an image signal. The image signal thus derived is converted into a bivalent signal, and is thinned to produce a mark pattern. Then the mark pattern is compared with a thick standard mark pattern. When a substantial part of the detected mark pattern is included in the standard mark pattern, the detected mark pattern is recognized to be identical with the standard mark pattern.