Abstract: A detector of the type utilizing photo-electric detection of reflected light which is almost completely immune to false alarms from changing ambient light and random electrical noise, with a sensitivity that is independent of ambient light, with a power consumption low enough to permit battery operation for a period of over 12 months. The light source is a light emitting diode which is pulsed at a low repetition rate, such as one pulse every two seconds, by an extremely short pulse, such as 20 microseconds. Voltage pulses generated when the reflected pulsed light is received by the photo-generative cell is amplified and applied to a level detector, the output of which is applied to the "set" terminal of a flip-flop circuit. The amplifier is on continuously, however the level detector is pulsed to the on condition simultaneously with the on pulse to the light emitting diode, and for the same period of time.

Abstract: A light actuated switch apparatus is described in which no movable switch contacts are employed. The switch uses a light source and shutter to activate an array of light sensitive devices to generate a binary code that provides the switching function. One embodiment of the switch apparatus is employed inside a control knob providing a binary code generated by shutter action of a light source on an array of phototransistors. Another embodiment employes the above control knob including switch apparatus as well as a second knob and printed board to form a dual switch apparatus. As no switch contacts are employed there is considerable reduction in electrical components. Additionally, this also greatly reduces the space required for mounting the switch, is readily serviceable or replaceable as no parts are located within an instrument, and is less expensive as no contacts eliminate any wear and potential problems associated with movable through stationary contacts.

Abstract: A charge transfer apparatus having light sensitivity control means comprises a charge transfer device wherein a plurality of electrodes are provided on a semiconductor substrate in a manner insulated therefrom, means for supplying a driving pulse waveform of a constant period covering an integration period and a transfer-readout period to each of said electrodes of charge transfer device, detecting means for detecting the amount of light incident into the charge transfer device or the output signal level from the charge transfer device, and control means for controlling the width of an integration pulse within said integration period in accordance with the signal detected by the detecting means.

Abstract: There are provided a plurality of light receiving elements arranged at a predetermined spacing therebetween to be irradiated by a light beam, a plurality of logical product circuits, each being provided for a pair of adjacent light receiving elements and connected thereto to receive the detection outputs thereof for producing an output only when the pair of adjacent light receiving elements are irradiated at the same time, and a detection signal selection circuit connected to respond to the detection outputs of the irradiated elements and the output signals from the logical product circuits for selectively gating out one of the detection outputs and the output signals of the logical product circuits which indicate the centers of the irradiated positions, thereby accurately detecting the center of the irradiated position.

Abstract: A scanning electron microscope for displaying a scanning image utilizing a time distributed pulsed video signal. The low frequency noises in the pulsed signal are deleted according to the occurrence of sudden pulse intensity variation between adjacent video pulse signals.

Abstract: A system for measuring a lineal dimension of a light reflective object. Sequentially generated light markers forming a raster are projected toward the object to be measured, with the markers traveling along individual, parallel paths which are uniformly spaced-apart along the dimension being measured. Markers intercepted and reflected back by the object are photoelectrically detected and counted to determine the size of the object along the measured dimension.

Abstract: A sight glass assembly generally including a housing structure having an opening therethrough, the opening having an enlarged section providing a shoulder, a face plate having an opening registered with the opening in the housing structure, mounted on the housing structure in opposed relation to the shoulder provided by the enlarged section of the housing opening, a lens disposed in the enlarged section of the housing opening and interposed between the shoulder provided by the enlarged section of the housing opening and the face plate, a compressible packing member disposed in the enlarged section of the housing opening between the housing and a periphery of the lens, an outer end of the packing member having an annular recess extending toward the face plate, an annular wedging member disposed on the shoulder provided by the enlarged section of the housing opening and projecting into the recess of the packing member, the wedging member having a cross-sectional area greater than the cross section area of the r

Abstract: A method and apparatus is described for compensating for reflection losses in an optical path length modulated absorption-absorption gas analyzer used for determining the density of a reference gas in an unknown gas sample. The apparatus comprises a first chamber for containing a first gas including a reference gas at a known partial density and a second chamber for containing a second gas including a sample of the reference gas at an unknown partial density. A source of radiant energy is provided for passing radiant energy through the first and second chambers. Means are provided for modulating the path length of the radiant energy in the chambers. Additionally, a chopper wheel comprising a plurality of gas cells containing a sample of the reference gas is interspersed by a plurality of gas cells containing a gas excluding the reference gas.

Abstract: An improved system for detecting movement of an image formed by a reconnaissance optical system. A photodiode array is placed in the focal plane of the optical system to detect the image. The photodiode array is first read out at a time T into a shift register where the signal is stored. After passage of a time .DELTA.T the photodiode array is read out a second time. The first and second read out signals are then correlated to determine the amount of movement of the image between times T and T + .DELTA.T.

Abstract: This is concerned with a method and apparatus for sensing and/or finding objects along railway track, for example a tie, so that work may be done in relation thereto. More specifically, the subject matter is concerned with a method and apparatus for finding ties on a step-by-step basis and performing work in relation thereto, for example tamping between the ties or driving spikes through the holes in tie plates into the ties, or the like.

Abstract: An improved active type of infrared viewing system is provided using pulse ated techniques which displays the complete Z (range) axis simultaneously and provides uniform image intensity at all ranges.

Abstract: A sight glass assembly generally including a first housing section having an opening therethrough, mountable on a container wall having an opening communicating with a fluid contained therein so that the housing section opening registers with the container wall opening, the first housing section opening having an enlarged section including a lens seating surface and a packing bearing surface inclined relative to a longitudinal center line of the first housing section opening, a second housing section having an opening therethrough registered with the first housing section opening, the second housing section opening having an enlarged section including a lens seating surface and a packing bearing surface inclined relative to the longitudinal center line, disposed in opposed relation to the lens seating and packing bearing surfaces of the enlarged section of the opening in the first housing section, a lens disposed in the housing openings, interposed between the seating surfaces, a packing member disposed in th

Abstract: A signal combining circuit includes means for receiving a pair of digital waveforms of similar frequency and for producing a further waveform which is indicative by its phase of the relative amplitudes of the waveforms. A circuit arrangement is provided for reducing undesirable distortions of the shape of the further waveform, however this arrangement introduces undesirable phase modifications and means are provided for reducing the effect of these modifications. The relative phases of the two digital waveforms are, at a predetermined frequency, switched to one or other of two predetermined relationships and the phase of the further waveform obtained when one of the relationships occurs is compared with that obtained when the other relationship occurs in order to compensate for said modifications.

Abstract: In an X-ray generator, different starting powers may be selected and corresponding to each starting power a different reduction instant is measured at which time resistors are inserted into the high-voltage and the filament circuits to reduce power. Different starting powers may be associated with different organ exposures in which case the system has advantages similar to those where the load is reduced in several steps without the high cost.

Abstract: Reticle structure defining a succession of contiguous cells, separately discernible upon illumination thereof, is spacedly positioned relative to a discernible indicium, such as a light source. The indicium is disposed in a known location relative to the reticle structure and the cells and indicium are viewed jointly from a given location. Information is derived for use in determining the positional coordinates of the given location with respect to the indicium.

Abstract: A quick-disconnect coupler for a light-transmitting flowcell having in a sight path light-input and light-output windows, respectively, for interposition intermediate a light source and a light detector, respectively, at least in part through a pair of elongated light-transmitting elements, and a support member for the flowcell. There is provided a slip-on flowcell supported on the support member, and a quick-release clamp comprising a pair of jaw members having a pair of corresponding end portions and comprising mounting means for movement of said end portions respectively toward and away from each other and said flowcell windows. The light-transmitting elements have terminals supported in the respective jaw members for alignment with the respective flowcell windows and in contact with said flowcell in the operative positions of the jaws.

Abstract: An array of radiation sensing devices each including a pair of closely coupled conductor-insulator-semiconductor cells, one a row line connected cell and the other a column line connected cell, is provided on a common semiconductor substrate. The potential well associated with the row connected cell is deeper than the potential well associated with the column connected cell. Read out of a row of devices is accomplished by lowering the absolute potential of the row line to cause charge stored in the row connected cells to transfer to column connected cells of the row. The voltage on each of the column lines is sensed in sequence to provide a video signal. Subsequent to sensing the column line potentials can be lowered to inject the stored carriers into the substrate or the row line potential may be reestablished to return the stored charge to the potential wells associated with the cells connected to the row lines and thus permit repeated read out.

Abstract: Circuitry providing a scanning threshold for a scanning apparatus in response to the output of a photomultiplier of the apparatus produced during a threshold determining scan of the field uses a first memory circuit to store a signal level indicative of the maximum light intensity sensed by the photomultiplier with a second memory circuit provided to store a signal level indicative of the minimum light intensity sensed. A threshold circuit connects with the stored signals to provide a threshold signal intermediate the two stored signal levels. An inhibiting circuit may be provided to prevent the second memory circuit from responding to signals below a predetermined level. Inhibiting circuitry and memory deletion circuitry are used to condition the memories prior to and immediately following a threshold determining scan.

Abstract: A device for supporting a patient, having a carrying member and a horizontally extending lying support for the patient, with a motor for varying the distance between the support and a medicinal unit. The invention is particularly characterized by the provision of a spring scale between the patient support and its carrying member, having a switching member which can be shifted corresponding to the weight of the patient. Switching means are connected with the switching member for interrupting the current circuit of the motor, the distance between the switching means and the switching member being adjustable.

Abstract: An X-ray diagnostic installation including means for the unrestricted and for the programmed, in conformance with particular organs of a patient, adjustment or setting of the exposure data. The installation includes data input storage associated with the means for the organ-programmed data setting in which, for each operating key, there is contained an input or storage cell for the particular desired exposure data program, and in which upon depression of the respective key and through actuation of a programming switch there is storable the currently set exposure data at the panel for free or unrestricted data setting, and which are operatively connected with the setting means for the transmission of their information to the setting means for the X-ray generator upon depression of the associated operating key and for an unactuated programming switch.