Abstract: A powertrain having a battery system including at least two batteries of different chemical types connected in parallel is operated according to predicted responses of the batteries to a demanded current command for the battery system to output a demanded current. The battery responses are predicted directly from the demanded current using a backward-looking model of the battery system.

Abstract: A two-phase or four-phase electric machine includes a first stator part and a second stator part disposed about ninety electrical degrees apart. Stator pole parts are positioned near the first stator part and the second stator part. An injector injects a third-harmonic frequency current that is separate from and not produced by the fundamental current driving the first stator part and the second stator part. The electric angular speed of the third-harmonic rotating field comprises p · ? t , where p comprises the number of pole pairs, ? comprises a mechanical angle and t comprise time in seconds.

Abstract: An object of the present invention is to provide a motive power output apparatus including a motor with a permanent magnet and a motor without a permanent magnet. A boost device (10) is connected to a power storage device (B). A first drive device (30) is connected to the boost device (10). A first rotating electric machine (35) with a permanent magnet is connected to the first drive device (30). A second drive device (40) is connected to the power storage device (B). A second rotating electric machine (45) without a permanent magnet is connected to the second drive device (40). A third drive device (20) is connected in parallel to the first drive device (30). A third rotating electric machine (25) with a permanent magnet is connected to the third drive device (20). The second rotating electric machine (45) is formed of a reluctance motor or an induction motor. The first rotating electric machine (35) and the second rotating electric machine (45) of the present invention may be linked to wheels of a vehicle.