Abstract: A method for producing levulinic acid from lignocellulosic biomass comprising hemicellulose including one or more six carbon chain compound precursors comprises the steps of hydrolyzing the lignocellulosic biomass to form a first phase comprising partially hydrolyzed lignocellulosic biomass including cellulose and lignin and a second phase comprising one or more five carbon chain sugars and one or more six carbon chain sugars from degradation of the hemicellulose, separating the first phase from the second phase, and converting at least a portion of the one or more six carbon chain sugars to levulinic acid.

Abstract: The invention relates generally to the field of biofuel synthesis. More specifically, the invention relates to processes for the synthesis of biofuels from organic materials including lignocellulosic biomass and coal. Also provided are biofuel products obtained from processes of the invention.

Abstract: Compositions comprising one or more cyclen compounds which can be structurally modified to affect anti-friction and anti-wear functionality.

Abstract: Methods and systems for forming densified lignocellulose biomass are described. Methods can include torrefaction and densification of a lignocellulose feedstock. Temperature and pressure control and lubricant addition throughout the process can provide for the lignin to dissipate more completely throughout the biomass and better coat the cellulose. The product can include a high level of lignin and low volatiles, both of which can improve the energy density of the product. In addition, the process can include a cooling step that can increase the crystallinity of the solidified lignin, which can further increase bulk density and improve grindability of the product.

Abstract: A method of infusing wood grilling products with flavor and aroma-enhancing supplements is utilized to impart flavor and aroma to a wood grilling product that is to be used for cooking. The wood grilling product is placed into a vacuum infusion chamber and submerged within a first quantity of FAE liquid. The first quantity of FAE liquid and the wood grilling product are then hermetically sealed within the vacuum infusion chamber. A first quantity of air is evacuated out of the vacuum infusion chamber in order to apply a vacuum to the wood grilling product. The vacuum is maintained on the wood grilling product for an optimal time duration. A second quantity of air is then introduced into the vacuum infusion chamber in order to return the vacuum infusion chamber to atmospheric pressure and infuse the first quantity of FAE liquid into the wood grilling product.

Abstract: Problem A detergent friction modifying agent having both a detergent performance that ameliorates and prevents degradation over time that is caused by deposits in the engine, and a friction reducing effect that lowers frictional resistance in the engine; a fuel additive that improves drivability with a good balance over the entire range of engine speeds, and provides engine characteristics such that, over the entire range of driving speeds, the engine-braking characteristics are such that the feeling of free running will be strongly produced, such that a fuel consumption improvement effect is produced in actual vehicles that is greater than the values produced on the test bench, and which also has storage stability; and a fuel composition containing the same. Solution The present invention is characterized by containing a polyetheramine carboxylic acid salt; the fuel additive of the present invention is added to fuel at 0.5 wt % or less.

Abstract: An inactivation treatment apparatus includes a rotary kiln main body in which coal flows from an end side toward a tip side; a cooling tube arranged rotatably in conjunction with the rotary kiln main body and extends in the direction of the length of the rotary kiln main body, and in which cooling water can flow; and a treatment gas supply tube arranged rotatably in conjunction with the rotary kiln main body, and extends in the direction of the length of the rotary kiln main body, and can supply a treatment gas into the rotary kiln main body. In the apparatus, each of the cooling tube and the treatment gas supply tube is arranged to move past through a coal layer, which is a layer formed as the result of the sedimentation of the coal, in the rotary kiln main body when the rotary kiln main body rotates.

Abstract: There is described a method for producing a biofuel, the method comprising: culturing an Acetobacter lovaniensis bacterium in a growth medium containing phosphate at a level which is more than 1 g/liter, wherein culturing of the bacterium produces the biofuel.

Abstract: This application relates to the polymorphism and microstructure of certain triacylglycerols and fatty acid methyl esters, including 1,2-dioleoyl-3-stearoyl glycerol and methyl stearate, and how the properties of these individual components in a biodiesel fuel, as well as their combined mixtures, helps understand the fundamental mechanisms of their crystallization so as to design biodiesel fuels with improved low temperature characteristics.

Abstract: Process for reducing the water and carboxylic acid content of an alcohol composition containing at least one C1-4 alcohol, water and at least one C1-4 carboxylic acid by (a) forming a vapor phase alcohol composition A and a liquid phase alcohol composition B, (b) separating a second vapor phase alcohol composition C and an aqueous phase D from the liquid phase alcohol composition B, the aqueous phase D containing the majority of the carboxylic acid that was present in the liquid phase alcohol composition B; (c) passing the vapor phase alcohol composition A to a drying unit, (d) passing the vapor phase alcohol composition C to a drying unit; and (e) recovering an alcohol composition from the drying units of steps (c) and (d). The recovered alcohol composition of step (e) has a reduced water and carboxylic acid content.

Abstract: A process for producing a modified coal from a coal of low-rank as a raw material includes dehydrating the coal, adding water to the dehydrated coal, agglomerating the water-added coal, and gradually oxidizing the agglomerated coal. In the water addition, an added amount of the water is regulated so that the water-added coal has a water content of 5% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less. In the oxidation, the agglomerated coal is held in an air at a temperature of 70° C. or more and 105° C. or less.

Abstract: A fuel separation method by which auxiliary fuel is separated from blended gasoline fuel for a flexible fuel vehicle capable of using ethanol-blended gasoline fuel, the method including the following steps (a) and (b): (a) a step in which, when the ethanol concentration is low, the blended gasoline fuel is separated by a polar separating membrane member at a relatively high separation temperature to obtain, at the permeation side of the membrane, a first auxiliary fuel enriched with the aromatic gasoline components and ethanol component, and (b) a step in which, when the ethanol concentration is high, the blended gasoline fuel is separated by a polar separating membrane member at a relatively low second separation temperature to obtain, at the permeation side of the membrane, a second auxiliary fuel enriched with the non-aromatic high-volatile gasoline components.

Abstract: The composition of the present invention related to a quaternary ammonium salt detergent and the use of such quaternary ammonium salt detergents in a fuel composition to reduce diesel injector deposits and remove or clean up existing deposits on the diesel injectors.

Abstract: The present invention relates to fractions of high purity lignin which are thermally stable, and to methods of producing said fractions from lignocellulosic material.

Abstract: A diesel fuel based on ethanol is described, which comprises about 60 to about 90% (v/v) ethanol, up to about 20% (v/v) of a linear dialkyl ether with a chain length of about 10 to about 40 as well as mixtures thereof, and 0 to about 30% (v/v) combustion accelerator.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a diesel fuel composition containing DMC and multifunctional additives to reduce particulate emission, improve efficiency and be used in cold and/or hypoxia conditions.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for ultra-dehydrating thickened or pasty biomass products, in particular sludge from wastewater treatment plants, according to which the products, in particular products having a dryness of 4% to 25%, are subjected to the following steps: hydrothermal carbonization treatment, including pressurization (1, 2) and thermal conditioning (30) for a duration in a closed reactor (4); followed by dehydration of the products by a ram press (12), obtaining a dryness of more than 50%; the temperature of the product upstream from the ram press dehydration being regulated by cooling between 40° C. and 90° C., advantageously to around 70° C., in order to optimize the filterability in the piston press; the steps of the method being performed in a confined space making it possible to prevent the release of smells into the atmosphere.

Abstract: The present application generally relates to the introduction of a renewable fuel oil as a feedstock into refinery systems or field upgrading equipment. For example, the present application is directed to methods of introducing a liquid thermally produced from biomass into a petroleum conversion unit; for example, a refinery fluid catalytic cracker (FCC), a coker, a field upgrader system, a hydrocracker, and/or hydrotreating unit; for co-processing with petroleum fractions, petroleum fraction reactants, and/or petroleum fraction feedstocks and the products, e.g., fuels, and uses and value of the products resulting therefrom.

Abstract: A manufacturing method for a carbon heat source comprises: a step A1 of forming a first groove in a state where the plurality of carbon members are aligned in one line; a step A2 of changing, subsequent to the step A1 being performed, an orientation of the plurality of carbon members so that the first groove formed in the plurality of carbon members crosses relative to the first predetermined direction in a state where the plurality of carbon members are aligned in one line; and a step A3 of forming, subsequent to the step A2 being performed, a second groove in a state where the plurality of carbon members are aligned in one line.

Abstract: The invention provides a method of reducing the propensity of a diesel fuel composition to take up zinc when exposed to zinc during storage and/or transportation, the method comprising formulating a diesel fuel composition to be stored or transported in contact with zinc such that said diesel fuel composition has an aniline point greater than 80° C.