Abstract: A process for cracking a carbo-metallic oil feed having an initial boiling point of about 450.degree. F. or below comprising a naturally-occurring crude or a portion of such crude, including a portion boiling above 1000.degree. F. The 650.degree. F. portion is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and containing at least about 4 ppm of Nickel Equivalents. The process comprises bringing the feed under cracking conditions in a progressive flow-type reactor into contact with a cracking catalyst bearing more than about 1500 parts per million of Nickel Equivalents of heavy metal(s). At least about 70% by weight of catalyst is abruptly separated from at least about 80% of the cracked products at the end of the reactor chamber.

Abstract: A process for producing lubricating oil base stock from a feedstock having a VI of less than 80 to a base stock with a VI of at least 90 with the same boiling range as the feedstock. The feedstock is contacted with a zeolite-containing hydrocracking catalyst in a first zone and an amorphous hydrocracking catalyst in the second zone. Between 25 percent and 75 percent of all hydroconversion takes place in the first zone.

Abstract: Sulfur oxides are removed from a gas by an absorbent comprising magnesium oxide in association with at least one free or combined rare earth metal selected from the group consisting of lanthanum, cerium, praseodymium, samarium, and dysprosium, wherein the ratio by weight of inorganic oxide or oxides to rare earth metal or metals is from about 0.1 to about 30,000. Absorbed sulfur oxides are recovered as a sulfur-containing gas comprising hydrogen sulfide by contacting the spent absorbent with a hydrocarbon in the presence of a hydrocarbon cracking catalyst at a temperature from about 375.degree. to about 900.degree. C. The absorbent can be circulated through a fluidized catalytic cracking process together with the hydrocarbon cracking catalyst to reduce sulfur oxide emissions from the regeneration zone.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for catalytic cracking a hydrocarbon oil feed having significant vanadium content to produce lighter products. The catalyst, from the cracking step, coated with coke and vanadium in an oxidation state less than +5, is regenerated in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas at a temperature high enough to burn off a portion of the coke under conditions keeping the vanadium in an oxidation state less than +5.

Abstract: A cracking catalyst is contacted with barium or a compound thereof to mitigate the adverse effects of catalyst contaminants.

Abstract: The aging of a dewaxing catalyst, such as a presteamed, sodium-exchanged ZSM-5 type zeolite, is improved when the dewaxing is being conducted in the presence or absence of added gas if water or a water precursor is admixed with the feedstock.

Abstract: A catalyst effective in hydrotreating and hydrocracking sulfur- and nitrogen-containing hydrocarbon feeds at low pressure. The catalyst is prepared by incorporating a platinum group metal such as palladium in ZSM-20 or in dealuminized zeolite Y. Unlike most palladium catalyst, this catalyst is not poisoned by nitrogen and sulfur in the feed.

Abstract: A process is described for the simultaneous demetalization and hydrocracking of heavy hydrocarbon oils. The process permits the recovery of metals such as vanadium and nickel in an economic manner by passing a slurry of a heavy hydrocarbon oil and carbonaceous additive particles, such as coal, in the presence of hydrogen through a confined vertical hydrocracking zone at high temperatures and pressures. A mixed effluent containing a gaseous phase and a liquid phase is removed from the top of a hydrocracking zone, while there is removed from the bottom of the hydrocracking zone a portion of the hydrocracking zone contents containing carbonaceous remains of the additive particles to which is adsorbed the metal residues from the feedstock. The effluent removed from the top of the hydrocracking zone can be subsequently fed directly to a catalytic hydrocracking unit.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products while adding magnesium chloride to modify heat output. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F. and material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.degree. F.

Abstract: Modifying a heat balanced operating fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) system to utilize a platinum group metal modified cracking catalyst, whereby increasing the heat generated in the exothermic regeneration of coked catalyst, and to provide a regenerated catalyst heat exchange cooler to permit adjustment of cracking conditions independent of the extra heat produced in the regeneration of catalyst.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of high octane gasoline and/or other valuable lower molecular weight products from carbo-metallic oils. Examples include crude oil, topped crude, reduced crude, residua, the extract from solvent deasphalting and other heavy hydrocarbon fractions. These carbo-metallic oils contain quantities of coke precursors and heavy metal catalyst poisons substantially in excess of what is normally considered acceptable for Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) and substantial amounts of sulfur, nitrogen and other troublesome components may also be present. Such carbo-metallic oils are converted to the desired products in a catalytic conversion process where the oil feed is mixed with naphtha and brought together with a high-metal content cracking catalyst.

Abstract: A catalyst, having a specified amount of rare earth metal content and a specified amount of alkali metal content, suitable for conversion of hydrocarbon oils to lower boiling products comprises a crystalline aluminosilicate zeolite, such as zeolite Y, an inorganic oxide matrix and, optionally discrete particles of alumina dispersed in the matrix. The zeolite prior to being composited with the matrix has a unit cell size above about 24.5 Angstroms. A cracking process utilizing the catalyst is also provided.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F. and material which is characterized by a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel Equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.degree. F., and under a pressure of about 10 to about 50 pounds per square inch absolute sufficient for causing a conversion per pass in the range of about 50% to about 90% while producing coke in amounts in the range of about 6 to about 14% by weight based on fresh feed, and laying down coke on the catalyst in amounts in the range of about 0.

Abstract: A process for economically converting carbo-metallic oils to lighter products. The carbo-metallic oils contain 650.degree. F.+ material which is characterized by containing material which will not boil below about 1025.degree. F., a carbon residue on pyrolysis of at least about 1 and a Nickel equivalents of heavy metals content of at least about 4 parts per million. This process comprises flowing the carbo-metallic oil together with particulate cracking catalyst through a progressive flow type reactor having an elongated reaction chamber, which is at least in part vertical or inclined, for a predetermined vapor riser residence time in the range of about 0.5 to about 10 seconds, at a temperature of about 900.degree. to about 1400.degree. F.

Abstract: Method for converting a heavy or high boiling fraction oil to separate upgraded products, namely synthetic natural gas and carbon-coated aluminum, by hydrocracking the residual oil in the presence of particulate alumina at elevated temperature and pressure. The product streams, carbon-impregnated alumina and hydrocracked gaseous products, upon purification, are each of separate value. Economics of the process are improved by integration of certain purification steps and by the provision of hydrogen, for the hydrocracking process, by recycle from separated hydrogen in the synthetic natural gas stream and from partial oxidation of an additional portion of residual oil feedstock and separated heavy aromatics from the hydrocracking unit.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least one metal contaminant selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron and where the contaminant becomes deposited on the catalyst such that at least 50 wt. % of the total of the metal contaminants comprises only one of the metal contaminants. The method comprises adding a hydrogen donor material to the reaction zone, monitoring the composition of the metal contaminant on the catalyst, adding an effective passivating amount of at least one of the metal contaminants which is not the major contaminant on the catalyst and passing the catalyst from the reaction zone through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: A method for enhancing both the pour point and viscosity index (V.I.) of crude oils of high wax content by contact of the same with two different zeolites, such as ZSM-5 and ZSM-35 is disclosed.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least two metal contaminants selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron, and where these contaminants become deposited on the catalyst. The method comprises adding a hydrogen donor material to the reaction zone and passing the catalyst from the reaction zone through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature for a time sufficient to at least partially passivate the catalyst.

Abstract: A method for decreasing the amount of hydrogen and coke produced during the cracking of hydrocarbon feedstock to lower molecular weight products in a reaction zone is disclosed, where the feedstock contains at least one metal contaminant selected from the class consisting of nickel, vanadium and iron and where the contaminant becomes deposited on the catalyst such that at least 50 wt. % of the total of the metal contaminants comprises only one of the metal contaminants. The method comprises monitoring the composition of the metal contaminant on the catalyst, adding an effective passivating amount of at least one of the metal contaminants which is not the major contaminant on the catalyst and passing catalyst from the reaction zone through a regeneration zone operated under net reducing conditions and through a reduction zone maintained at an elevated temperature.

Abstract: An improved process is described for the hydrocracking of heavy hydrocarbon oil, such as oils extracted from tar sands. The charge oil in the presence of an excess of hydrogen is passed through a tubular hydrocracking zone, and the effluent emerging from the top of the zone is separated into a gaseous stream containing a wide boiling range material and a liquid stream containing heavy hydrocarbons. According to the novel feature, the hydrocracking process is carried out in the presence of a catalyst consisting of finely divided coal or other carbonaceous material carrying catalytically active metals from Group VIA and Group VIII of the Periodic Table of Elements, e.g. cobalt and molybdenum. The catalyst is slurried with the charge stock and has been found to greatly reduce coke precursors and thereby prevent the formation of carbonaceous deposits in the reaction zone while also being effective in reducing the sulfur concentration of the product.