Abstract: Byproduct or waste gases, containing hydrogen fluoride, from an HF-catalyzed hydrocarbon alkylation process are contacted with a stream of liquid hydrocarbon essentially free from hydrogen fluoride. Hydrogen fluoride from the waste gases is absorbed within the liquid hydrocarbon and is returned to the process therewith. Resulting waste gases are of reduced hydrogen fluoride content, and the loss of hydrogen fluoride upon disposal of these gases is thereby reduced.

Abstract: A side stream comprising normal butane, isopentane and heavier is withdrawn from the isostripper. This side stream is debutanized and the remaining liquid isopentane and heavier introduced into the liquid alkylate effluent of the isostripper in a controlled manner. The liquid effluent of the isostripper is used to heat another liquid side stream withdrawn from the isostripper and reintroduced into the isostripper.

Abstract: Asphaltene-containing hydrocarbonaceous black oils are subjected to conversion conditions in a two-stage process. The physical characteristics of the catalytic composite disposed within the individual stages, or reaction zones, are different. This difference in physical characteristics is directed toward macropore volume, and is maintained whether the chemical composition is the same, or varies.

Abstract: In a method for catalytic hydrodesulfurization of a heavy petroleum hydrocarbon oil in a reactor composed of a cylindrical pressure vessel and a cylindrical inner pipe, in which hydrogen gas, oil liquid and solid catalyst particles are concurrently present and the catalyst particles are fluidized and recycled in the reactor without flowing out of the reactor, an improvement for the prevention of the catalyst's efflux is achieved by the provision of a bubble-collecting plate and at least two catalyst particlescatching plates above the inner pipe in the reactor.

Abstract: A process for alkylating isoparaffin hydrocarbons with olefin hydrocarbons for production of high octane gasoline range alkylate wherein the alkylation reaction is performed in the presence of a sulfuric acid alkylation catalyst containing from about 0.0005 to about 0.5 weight percent of a selected micelle forming amphiphilic compound, and wherein the reaction is carried out in a non-backmixed tubular reactor.

Abstract: In prior art HF alkylation processes, an HR regenerator overhead vapor stream is processed in various ways including combining it with overhead vapor streams of an isoparaffin stripper or an HF stripper, or condensing, settling, and pumping it in a regenerator overhead system to an HF alkylation reaction zone. In the present HF alkylation system comprising a reaction and settling zone, an acid regeneration zone, and a products fractionation zone including an isoparaffin stripper from which a side-cut recycle stream containing principally isoparaffin is withdrawn, an improvement is made by taking overhead vapor from the regenerator and introducing the vapor directly into the isoparaffin stripper at a locus above that at which the side-cut recycle stream is withdrawn.

Abstract: An improved process for alkylating at least one alkylatable isoparaffin with at least one alkylating agent selected from the class consisting of an olefin and an alkyl sulfate ester in the presence of a catalyst comprising a major amount of sulfuric acid and a minor amount of hydrofluoric acid.The invention of this application is related to the inventions of the following applications filed simultaneously with this application and by the same applicant: Ser. No. 527,713 and Ser. No. 527,715.

Abstract: A process for cleaning a used oil, in particular engine oil and industrial lubricating oil. The process comprises heat treating the used oil in a heat treatment zone at a temperature of 325.degree.-400.degree.C at a pressure of 1-6 bars for a period of at least 15 minutes, continuously withdrawing a first part of the treated oil from the heat treatment zone, re-heating said first part of the oil and recycling the re-heated first part of the oil through the heat treatment zone, subjecting the remainder of the heat treated oil from the heat treatment zone to a treatment for separating out the sedimentary residues from the heat treated oil. The sedimentary residues are incinerated in the re-heating furnace for re-heating said first part. A system is described for carrying out the process.

Abstract: A desulfurization catalyst is activated by being heated to a temperature between about 750.degree. and 850.degree.F. in the presence of the charge stock to be desulfurized during the initial stages of the on-stream period. In a preferred embodiment the catalyst, prior to the heat treatment, is sulfided at a low temperature and low pressure. The resulting catalyst effectively desulfurizes a petroleum hydrocarbon charge stock with reduced hydrogen consumption.

Abstract: A process is herein disclosed for decreasing olefin and diolefin unsaturation of pyrolysis naphtha (dripolene) without concomitant production of gum, heavy polymers, and/or coke; which process comprises treating pyrolysis naphtha with water at a temperature in the range of 500.degree.-700.degree.F at an elevated pressure in the range of 700-4000 psig for a residence time of from about 12 minutes to about 10 hours under conditions such that a portion of the treating water remains in the liquid phase. Treated naphtha product from said treating step, substantially reduced in olefinic and diolefinic unsaturation and essentially free of gum, heavy polymers and coke, may be hydrotreated with molecular hydrogen in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst for further reduction of olefinic and diolefinic unsaturation and removal of sulfur compounds.

Abstract: A naphtha is treated by heating in the presence of water, hydrogenating, and extracting desired aromatic components.

Abstract: A method of breaking down oil emulsions comprising, in accordance with the invention, heating the oil emulsion to be broken down to a temperature of from 40.degree. to 70.degree.C, preferably from 60.degree. to 65.degree.C, and bubbling air at the rate of from 0.1 to 10 nm.sup.3 per 1 m.sup.3 of the emulsion (preferably from 1 to 4 nm.sup.3 per 1 m.sup.3 of the emulsion) through said heated oil emulsion until total breakdown thereof occurs as a result of oxidation of the natural oil emulsifiers contained therein.

Abstract: A process for reducing the sulfur content of hydrocarbon material by oxidizing the sulfur impurities contained in the hydrocarbon material, contacting the oxidized sulfur-containing hydrocarbon material with at least one of certain metal containing components at conditions to form a metal, sulfur-containing compound and recovering a hydrocarbon material of reduced sulfur content.

Abstract: A hydrocarbon feed is isomerized in liquid phase in the presence of a metal halide catalyst, a hydrogen halide solvent and hydrogen at a temperature ranging from at least 50.degree.C and not greater than the critical temperature of the mixture of the hydrocarbon feed and the hydrogen halide. The partial pressure of the hydrocarbon feed-hydrogen halide mixture is maintained to be at least equal to the critical pressure of the hydrocarbon feed and not greater than the critical pressure of the mixture of the hydrocarbon feed and the hydrogen halide. The molar ratio of the hydrogen halide to the hydrocarbon feed is at least 1:1 and the molar ratio of hydrogen halide to metal halide catalyst ranges from about 10:1 to about 40:1. The preferred catalyst is aluminum chloride or aluminum bromide. The preferred solvent is hydrogen chloride or hydrogen bromide.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for the production of alkylbenzenes by contacting phenyl alkyl ketones and/or 1-phenylalkanols with hydrogen in the presence of a supported noble metal of Group VIII at a temperature above about 175.degree.C.

Abstract: A two-stage process for hydrodesulfurization of a metal-containing hydrocarbon oil employing a hydrodesulfurization catalyst in the second stage having an activated support prepared by drying and calcining a crystalline alumina containing 1.2 to 2.6 mols of water of hydration per mol of alumina.

Abstract: Olefins with vinyl groups are prepared by isomerization of olefins having vinylidene groups in the presence of a silicate having sheet structure, pumice or titanium dioxide as catalyst. The isomerization is carried out at a temperature of from 80 to 350.degree.C and the starting long chain vinylidene olefins have 10 to 70 carbon atoms. The olefins with vinyl groups obtained can be used to manufacture waxy carboxylic acids, sulfonic acids and epoxides.

Abstract: A two-stage process for hydrodesulfurization of a metal-containing hydrocarbon oil employing a hydrodesulfurization catalyst in each stage having an activated support prepared by drying and calcining a crystalline alumina containing 1.2 to 2.6 mols of water of hydration per mol of alumina.

Abstract: A control system and method for regulating the reaction zone temperature in a process for the acid-catalyzed alkylation of an isoparaffin with an olefinic feed stream containing mixed olefins. The reaction zone temperature is adjusted to obtain the optimum for a given feed composition, in order to maximize the octane rating of the ultimate normally liquid alkylate product. The control system effects rapid compensation for continuing changes in feed composition which, at a fixed reaction zone temperature, otherwise adversely affect the octane rating.

Abstract: A process for alkylating an isoparaffin with a lighter olefin and a heavier olefin by contacting the isoparaffin with the lighter olefin and a first alkylation catalyst in a first alkylation zone, contacting the hydrocarbon effluent from the first alkylation zone with the heavier olefin and a second alkylation catalyst in a second alkylation zone, and recovering the product of the process from the hydrocarbon effluent from the second alkylation zone.