Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes: an applying device configured to generate an output signal and apply the output signal to an image forming device; and a controller configured to generate a control signal to supply to the applying device so as to control a value of the output signal so that the value of the output signal is within a predetermined target range and control the applying device using the control signal in a start-up mode and in a normal mode, the normal mode being subsequent to the start-up mode. In the start-up mode, the controller sets a start control signal value larger than a value of the control signal immediately after a first predetermined time, the start control signal value being the value of the control signal during the first predetermined time, the first predetermined time being from a start timing of the start-up mode.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system for communicating between two integrated circuits (ICs) or within an IC. The ICs are either on the same circuit boards or on different circuit boards with a common backplane. The system comprises a first integrated circuit having an output circuit for generating phase shift keying signals and a second integrated circuit having an input circuit for decoding the phase shift keying signals. The output circuit may include a ring oscillator for generating multiple clock signals that are phase-locked to one another.