Abstract: An acidic aqueous cleaner, preferably in emulsion or microemulsion form, which is of a pH in the range of one to four and is useful for cleaning hard surfaced items, such as bathtubs, sinks, tiles and porcelains and even some such items which are not acid resistant, such as those of a European enamel known as zirconium white enamel, comprises synthetic organic detergent, such as a mixture of anionic and nonionic detergents, e.g., sodium paraffin sulfonate, higher fatty alcohol ethoxylate sulfate and higher fatty alcohol or phenol ethoxylate, organic acids, e.g., mixture of succinic, glutaric and adipic acids, phosphonic acid, e.g., aminotris-(methylenephosphonic acid) and phosphoric acid in an aqueous medium.

Abstract: A process for the manufacture of aqueous solutions of anti-scaling agents, starting from maleic anhydride and vinyl acetate (and optionally from a third monomer), characterized in that:(A) the amount of vinyl acetate ranges from 40 to 70% by moles, with respect to the sum of all the comonomers, the amount of maleic anhydride ranges from 30 to 50% by moles, with respect to said sum, and the amount of termonomer ranges from 0 to 30% by moles, with respect to said sum, the molar ratio vinyl acetate/maleic anhydride being equal to or higher than 1;(B) maleic anhydride, vinyl acetate (and optionally said third monomer) are co-polymerized in an organic diluent having medium or low polarity;(C) the anhydrous suspension, obtained according to (B), is directly subjected to a reactive extraction with water.

Abstract: A liquid membrane method for removing scale deposits wherein a novel chelating composition is utilized. The composition used in the external and internal aqueous phases of said membrane comprises an aqueous solution having a pH of about 8 to about 14, and an aminocarboxylic acid or polyamine chelant. Additionally, a catalyst or synergist is used in the external phase only. Preferred chelants comprise diethylenetriamine pentaacetic acid (DTPA) or ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) or alkali salts thereof. Anions of organic and inorganic acids comprise the catalyst used in the external phase. Catalysts which can be used include fluoride, oxalate, persulfate, dithionate, hypochlorite, formate, thio, amino and hydroxy acetate anions. When the solution containing the composition is contacted with a surface containing a scale deposit, the deposit dissolves substantially more scale quicker than heretofore possible.