Abstract: Provided are industrial processes for producing an organic acid alky ester from a feedstock containing organic acids and/or saponifiables, comprising: countercurrently contacting a feedstock with an organic alkylating reagent over two or more vessels or stages at temperature between 100° C. and 400° C. and pressure between barg and 355 barg while simultaneously removing water and/or glycerin with unreacted alkylating reagent from the final vessel or stage to result in a first reaction method product containing organic acid alkyl esters, followed by a choice of using the alkyl esters as-is, purifying the organic acid alkyl esters from the first reaction product mixture or subjecting the first reaction product mixture to an additional transesterification reaction to convert saponifiables into additional organic acid alkyl esters, then purifying the organic acid alkyl esters from this second reaction method product.

Abstract: A method for preparing an isocyanate in a gaseous phase by feeding, in the presence or absence of an inert gas, an amine-containing gas stream and a phosgene-containing gas stream into a reaction region, allowing the amine and the phosgene to contact in gaseous forms and undergo a phosgenation reaction in the reaction region, thus preparing the target isocyanate in a gaseous form in the reaction region. The phosgene-containing stream is subjected to preheating and warming before being fed into the reaction region, and the phosgene-containing stream comprises a substance A at a mass fraction of <1% before being subjected to the preheating and warming up. Substance A is a NCO group-containing substance and/or an olefinic double bond-containing substance. The method reduces the formation of clogging matter in a heat exchanger and a vessel during the preheating and warming of the phosgene and during the reaction process.

Abstract: Single iron atoms embedded in graphene can catalyse the conversion of methane into methanol at room temperature. Dependent upon the flow of gas from the well, a reactor vessel will be built and housed in a building heated by the raw gas to a temperature of seventy degrees Fahrenheit. This catalyst is carried on a bed of zeolite which will remove nitrogen and nitrogen compounds in adsorption process, as well as some sulphur and a good percentage of carbon dioxide. Iron— nitrogen—carbon (Fe—N—C) acts as the most satisfactory alternatives to platinum for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR).

Abstract: Processes for converting a hydrocarbon reactant into an alcohol compound and/or a carbonyl compound are disclosed in which the hydrocarbon reactant and either a supported chromium (VI) catalyst or a supported chromium (II) catalyst are contacted, optionally with UV-visible light irradiation, followed by exposure to an oxidizing atmosphere and then hydrolysis to form a reaction product containing the alcohol compound and/or the carbonyl compound. The presence of oxygen significant increases the amount of alcohol/carbonyl product formed, as well as the formation of oxygenated dimers and trimers of certain hydrocarbon reactants.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

Abstract: A methane production system comprises: a reaction tank that produces methane and water by reacting CO and/or CO2 supplied to the reaction tank with hydrogen; a cleaning tank that is located at an upstream side of the reaction tank in a supply direction of the CO and/or CO2, and removes water-soluble impurities from a raw material gas including the CO and/or CO2 and the water-soluble impurities by bringing the raw material gas into contact with water; and a first supply line that supplies the raw material gas from which the water-soluble impurities are removed from the cleaning tank to the reaction tank; and a second supply line supplies water produced in the reaction tank from the reaction tank to the cleaning tank to bring the produced water into contact with the raw material gas in the cleaning tank.

Abstract: The process and apparatus according to the invention allow the production of chemical compounds without the use of catalysts. For this purpose, the reactants necessary for the desired products are fed to compression reactors. In addition, the reaction conditions are controlled by means of an electronic control device. For this purpose, among other things, the compression reactors are combined with an electric motor, thereby influencing the residence time in the reactors. In addition, it is planned to raise the reactant pressures with the help of a compressor. In addition, the operating conditions are recorded with suitable sensors and/or analysers.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for conversion of a mixture of high-boiling fluorinated components comprising 1,1,3,3-tetrachloro-1-fluoropropane (HCFC-241fa), 1,3,3-trichloro-1, 1-difluoropropane (HCFC-242fa), 1,1,3-trichloro-1,3-difluoropropane (HCFC-242fb), 3,3-dichloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243fa), 1,3-dichloro-1,1,3-trifluoropropane (HCFC-243fb), 3-chloro-1,1,1,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa), their isomers, and combinations thereof, to 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd). Heavy impurities, such as oligomers and other high boiling impurities, that are present may be purged during the process to prevent yield loss and reduction of catalyst efficacy.

Abstract: Basic copper gluconate having a formula of C6H12CuO8—X H2O and the structure of: The basic copper gluconate has a theoretical copper content of 23.1% (anhydrous).

Abstract: A petroleum residue stream is heated and reacted with an oxygen stream and a carbon dioxide stream in a gasification unit to produce syngas. At least a portion of the carbon monoxide is converted into carbon dioxide to produce shifted syngas. At least a portion of the shifted syngas is separated to produce a syngas feed stream. At least a portion of the syngas feed stream is converted into methanol. At least a portion of the methanol is converted into one or more alkenes (olefins). At least a portion of the methanol is reacted with carbon monoxide to produce acetic acid. Carbon dioxide produced in the process can be recycled to the gasification unit to facilitate the production of the syngas.

Abstract: A process for making an oxymethylene polymer comprising polymerizing at least one compound capable of forming —CH2O— repeat units (monomer) in the presence of at least one ester of the general formula I (ester): R1—CO—O—R2 (I) wherein R1 can be hydrogen, wherein R1 and R2 are independently of each other linear or branched C1 to C10 alkyl C5 to C7 cycloalkyl —[R3-0-]nR4 wherein R3 is a linear or branched C2 to C5 alkylen and R4 is a linear of branched C1 to C5 alkyl and n is an integer of from 1 to 5. and in the presence of at least one Lewis acid.

Abstract: A process for producing carbon tetrachloride comprising reacting i) chlorine, ii) a C1 chlorinated compound comprising 1 to 3 chlorine atoms, and iii) a carbon/second chlorine source, wherein the second chlorine source comprises a range of multichlorinated C3 hydrocarbons, said range being obtained as waste products from the industrial production of 1,1,1,2,3-pentachloropropane and/or 1,1,3,3-tetrachloropropene.

Abstract: The present application provides a process of preparing 3,3,3-trifluoroprop-1-ene, comprising reacting 3-chloro-1,1,1-trifluoropropane with a base in an aqueous solvent component in the absence of a phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: A method of upcycling polymers to useful hydrocarbon materials. A catalyst with nanoparticles on a substrate selectively docks and cleaves longer hydrocarbon chains over shorter hydrocarbon chains. The nanoparticles exhibit an edge to facet ratio to provide for more interactions with the facets.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides a method for producing HFC-143 at low cost and more efficiently than when using conventional methods. Specifically, the present disclosure provides a method for producing 1,1,2-trifluoroethane (HFC-143), comprising performing one or more fluorination reactions by bringing at least one chlorine-containing compound selected from the group consisting of 2-chloro-1,1-difluoroethane (HCFC-142) and 1-chloro-1,2-difluoroethane (HCFC-142a) into contact with hydrogen fluoride to obtain a reaction gas containing HFC-143, hydrogen chloride, and hydrogen fluoride.

Abstract: The present disclosure provides an integrated process and a Cu/Zn-based catalyst system for synthesizing methanol from CO2 and generating electricity from hydrocarbon feedstock. The process includes steps of gasifying hydrocarbon feedstock into syngas by using oxygen and using the produced syngas as a fuel in a power generation unit, reusing a first part of an exhaust stream of the power generation unit as a reactant in the gasification unit. Using a second part of the said exhaust stream as a reactant for methanol synthesis in a methanol reactor, wherein, the second part is treated to separate CO2 and water, and CO2 is used as the reactant for methanol synthesis. Operating an electrolyzer during non-peak hours to produce hydrogen, wherein, a required stoichiometric ratio of the produced hydrogen is transferred into the methanol reactor for methanol synthesis, wherein, a Cu/Zn-based catalyst system is used for methanol synthesis through a direct hydrogenation reaction of CO2.

Abstract: A modular system for hydrogen generation includes a plurality of cores and a hub. Each core includes an electrolyzer and a power supply. The power supply is operable to manage electrical power to the electrolyzer of the core and is redundant to the power supply of at least another one of the plurality of cores. The hub includes a water module, a heat exchange module, and a switchgear module. The water module includes a water source in fluid communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, the heat exchange module includes a heat exchanger in thermal communication with the electrolyzer of each one of the plurality of cores, and the switchgear module includes a switch activatable to electrically isolate the power supply of each one of the plurality of cores.

Abstract: Fuel production system includes: synthesis gas generation unit configured to generate synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from carbon-containing raw material; fuel production unit configured to produce fuel from synthesis gas generated; water electrolyzer configured to electrolyze water to generate water-electrolyzed hydrogen; hydrogen supply unit configured to supply water-electrolyzed hydrogen generated to synthesis gas generation unit; and controller. The controller is configured to perform: calculating input energy based on first energy possessed by raw material, second energy consumed by water electrolyzer, third energy consumed by synthesis gas generation unit, and fourth energy consumed by fuel production unit; calculating recovered energy based on fifth energy possessed by fuel produced; and determining supply amount of water-electrolyzed hydrogen to be supplied based on input energy and recovered energy calculated.

Abstract: A process for hydrogen recovery from refinery gas system comprising supplying the refinery gas to an inlet manifold fluidly coupled to a conditioning stage, the conditioning stage comprising a reactor having a reforming catalyst deposited on an ultra-short-channel-length metal substrate; supplying oxidant to the conditioning stage via the inlet manifold; supplying steam from a steam generator to the conditioning stage via the inlet , manifold; reacting the refinery gas in the conditioning stage; and discharging a product through a discharge outlet fluidly coupled to the conditioning stage, the discharge outlet configured to flow the product for use by a downstream reformer. The process allows to either increase the H2 production rate or lower the firing rate while maintaining a constant H2 production rate for the downstream steam reformer, independent of the feed compositional variability of the refinery or still gas.

Abstract: A process for preparing synthetic hydrocarbons from a biomass feedstock is provided. The process involves electrolyzing water in an electrolyzer to produce oxygen and hydrogen, using the generated oxygen to gasify a biomass feedstock under partial oxidation reaction conditions to generate a hydrogen lean syngas, adding at least a portion of the generated hydrogen to the hydrogen lean syngas to formulate hydrogen rich syngas, which is reacted a Fischer Tropsch (FT) reactor to produce the synthetic hydrocarbons and water. At least a portion of the water produced in the FT reaction is recycled for use in the electrolysis step, and optionally using heat generated from the FT reaction to dry the biomass feedstock.