Abstract: A method and apparatus for making holograms includes a technique for exposing a film substrate or other light-sensitive medium to consecutive two dimensional images, together representative of a physical three-dimensional system, to generate a three dimensional hologram of the physical system. Low beam ratios are employed to superimpose multiple (20-300) images on the substrate. Each image is relatively weak, but the combination of the series of weak images ultimately appears as a single clearly defined hologram.

Abstract: An anti-reflection with high conductivity and transmission controlled multi-layer coating for Flat CRT products is provided which includes five layers coating by vacuum sputtering and one layer coating by conventional wet process. The first layer is formed by an oxide material. The second layer is arranged on an underlying first layer and is formed by a metal. The third layer is arranged on an underlying second layer and is coated by vacuum sputtering. The third layer provides high conductivity thin film with resistance as low as 102 &OHgr;/square. The fourth layer is arranged on an underlying third layer and is formed by an oxide material. The fifth layer is formed by an oxide material. The fourth layer and fifth layer are coated by vacuum sputtering. The sixth layer is deposited on the top surface and is formed by a wet silica coating process.

Abstract: Binoculars including a pair of lens barrels, each lens barrel having an optical system, a relative movement between the lens barrels causing the lens barrels to relatively displace, traveling between a closed state and an operational state in which eye spacing adjustment is enabled, a barrier that is moved between an optical system protective position with the lens barrels in the closed state and a retracted position with the lens barrels in the operational state, and a barrier control member, mounted on the lens barrels which moves the barrier from the optical system protective position to the retracted position in response to the displacement of the lens barrels from the closed state to the operational state.

Abstract: The invention proposes a supplementary appliance (3) in order to produce an illuminated reticle (5) for telescopic sights (1), which can be fitted as required to different telescopic sights (1), to be precise to their objective end (2), and allows the user to aim at his target reliably even in twilight or moonlight. An inner ring (12) is mounted such that it can be adjusted centrally in an annular cage (9) which can be pushed onto the objective side (2) of a telescopic sight (1), and the light from a point light source (19) is directed onto a lens (20) which is held on the center axis of the inner ring (12). The diameter of the light beam which emerges from the light source is limited by optical means (21, 29) at the object-side focal point of the lens (20), and the light beams which leave the lens (20) are directed onto the aiming point (7) in the reticle (5) or crosswires (6) of the telescopic sight (1).

Abstract: Color display system, which includes an electrooptic modulation screen (LCD) and in which a chromatic modulator (RC) is provided between the multiple-wavelength light source (S, C) and the screen (LCD). This chromatic modulator modulates a wavelength or a restricted range of wavelengths of the source in order to adjust the saturation of the various primaries transmitted to the screen as well as to effect colorimetric balance. Applications include liquid-crystal color displays.

Abstract: In a method for correcting optical wavefront errors in an optical system, the optical wavefront is calculated for different wavelengths and fields of view between the entry pupil (EP) and exit pupil (AP). Any phase differences are compensated by at least one surface (5, 7) compensating the phase differences in the beam path. A particular optical system, expediently in the form of a telescope, accordingly has a beam path which comprises the following: a first reflector (3), arranged along its axis (A), for reflecting a beam (1) incident along an optical axis (O) onto a concave second reflector (4) which throws the beam obtained from the first reflector (3) onto a third reflector (5), from which it is passed to a concave fourth reflector (6) in order to be reflected at an angle with said optical axis (O). Such a means (5, 7) for correcting the wavefront errors is provided in the beam path of such an optical system.

Abstract: The present invention provides a hologram color filter having a drastically decreased dependence of diffraction efficiency on wavelength and well corrected for a color balance among the three colors R, G and B comprising an array of converging element holograms 5′, each of which enables white light incident at a given angle &thgr; with respect to a normal line of a hologram recorded surface thereof to be spectroscopically separated by wavelength dispersion in a direction substantially along the hologram recorded surface, wherein the converging element holograms 5′ have each a plurality of hologram pieces 51 and 52 superposed on each other or multi-recorded therein, which, with respect to the white light 3 incident at the given angle &thgr;, have substantially identical spatial wavelength distributions of wavelength dispersion and different peak wavelengths of diffraction efficiency.

Abstract: The present invention provides an improvement in a wavelength division multiplexer and/or a dense wavelength division multiplexer (WDM/DWDM) by incorporating an electronically reconfigurable diffraction grating. The introduction of the electronically reconfigurable diffraction grating, which is typically fabricated using MEMS (microelectromechanical systems) technology, improves the compact design, durability, and dynamic functionality of the WDM/DWDM system.

Abstract: In a hologram screen for reproducing an image based on an output light obtained by scattering and diffusing an image light from an image projector, when a white light (image light) is projected on the hologram screen; and when a distance between two points at optional two points A and B on a surface of the hologram screen is given by 20 cm or less, and a value of the CIE 1976 chromaticity coordinate (u′, v′) at the point A is given by (u′A, v′A) and the value of the CIE 1976 chromaticity coordinate (u′, v′) at the point B is given by (u′B, V′B); the output light perpendicularly from the surface of the hologram screen has a color distribution in which a color difference &Dgr;u′v′ between two points A and B is derived from the following formula (1) and given by 0.

Abstract: The invention concerns a microsystem module, in particular for use in microoptical systems, the module consisting of a body on the surface of which at least one functional area and support areas for attachment to adjacent microsystem components are provided. According to the invention, in order to provide a microsystem module of this type which can be connected to adjacent microstructure system components with an extremely good fit and in an exactly reproducible manner and preventing damage to the adjacent components and the sensitive functional areas of the microsystem module, the support areas are disposed in the region of outwardly projecting surface regions of the body which are set back relative to the support areas in the direction towards the interior of the body. The functional areas are disposed with very narrow tolerances in a dimensionally accurate manner relative to the support areas.

Abstract: In a reflected-light type fluorescence microscope having a turret type filter cassette capable of switching a plurality of excitation filters, a plurality of barrier filters, and a plurality of dichromatic mirrors and selecting a desired set of excitation filter, barrier filter, and dichromatic mirror upon rotation of a turret to perform fluorescence observation of a specimen, the excitation filters, barrier filters, and dichromatic mirrors are directly mounted on the turret. The turret has a shape obtained by cutting the sharp portion of a polyhedral pyramid (for example, octahedral pyramid) having a rotation axis as its central axis along a plane perpendicular to the central axis. The eight equiangular conical surfaces make 45° with the illumination and observation optical axes. Through holes are formed in the 45° conical surfaces to assure an optical path.

Abstract: The invention relates to an analyzer insert (1) in which the rotation of an adjustment wheel (2) accessible from the outside is transmitted by means of two parallel adjustment levers (8, 9) of equal length onto a rotatable analyzer (3) which can be inserted into the optical path of the microscope. The one ends (10, 11) of the adjustment levers (8, 9) are rotationally mounted at the level of the adjustment wheel (2) on bearing axles (14) near the rim while the other ends (12, 13) are mounted on the axles at the level of the analyzer holder (4). At the level of the adjustment wheel (2) and the analyzer holder (4), in relation to the axes of rotation (15, 16) of same these axles generate force levers of equal length, which are situated pairwise at a 90° angle to each other. In the 0° position of the analyzer (3) all four bearing axles (14) are situated on a straight line. The analyzer (3) can be moved into any position between 0° and 180° precisely and without slip.

Abstract: A holographic microscope is described along with a method for numerically reconstructing a holographic image. The method uses a coordinate transformation of the Kirchhoff-Helmholtz equation to remove the non-linear component from the phase factor. The intensity distribution in the transformed coordinate system is then interpolated on an equidistant point grid and Fast-Fourier-Transforms are used to compute the result.

Abstract: A lens barrel for microscope comprises a first optical system (G1), a second optical system (G2), and a third optical system (G3). The first optical system (G1) comprises a lens unit (G1L) which forms an intermediate image, a prism (P1), and deflecting mirrors (M1, M2). The second optical system (G2) comprises a deflecting mirror (M3) and a lens unit and converts an intermediate image by the lens unit (G1L) into a beam of parallel rays. The third optical system (G3) introduces the beam of parallel rays from the second optical system (G2) into an ocular. The deflecting mirror (M3) is configured to be turned around an axis normal to a center axis of the beam of rays from the first optical system (G1) and to a center axis of the beam of rays from the second optical system (G2) at the point P of intersection of these center axes.

Abstract: A confocal microscope for optical detection of an observation volume includes a light source, a dichroic mirror, and an objective lens arrangement which further includes a mechanical aperture and an observation optic arrangement. Between the dichroic mirror and the objective lens arrangement, a deflection mirror arrangement is located having a planar deflection mirror on the side of the objective which is arranged to oscillate about a normal position.

Abstract: A dual-band optical filter is disclosed which has two transmission bands. The first band is relatively narrow (about 1 nm) and encompasses a wavelength of about 1550 nm, while the second band is relatively broad (greater than 50 nm) to transmit wavelengths in a range of 1300-1400 nm. Accordingly, the filter can be used in wavelength division multiplexed communication systems to simultaneously select a payload channel having a wavelength of approximately 1550 nm, and a 1310 nm service channel.

Abstract: A differential interference contrast (DIC) microscope system is provided comprising: (a) an illumination source for illuminating a sample; (b) a lens system for viewing the illuminated sample, including an objective, defining an optical axis; (c) at least one detector system for receiving a sample image; (d) mechanisms for wavelength multiplexing the shear direction or shear magnitude or both on the sample and demultiplexing the resultant DIC images on the detector; and (e) a mechanism for modulating the phase of the interference image. Various approaches are disclosed to accomplish wavelength multiplexing of shear direction and demultiplexing the two DIC images that result. It is possible for the two, wavelength multiplexed DIC images to differ in either or both shear direction or magnitude.

Abstract: A method for effecting the desired optical characteristics of an optical system (10) using phase diffractive optics. Incident light (Bi) is directed onto a surface (12i) of a material (12) whose index of refraction (n) is variable over the material. Passage of the incident light through the material effects the phase and amplitude of the light waveform. An optical map (Om) is determined for the surface of the material. This map comprises variations in the index of refraction over the material surface, and the map, in effect, represents any of a range of refractive and diffractive optical elements such as a mirror (1), a lens (2,3,6,7), or a diffraction grating (100). The map is dynamically written onto the material to map the material such that the incident light's passage through the material corresponds to the passage of the light through the optical element currently emulated by the material.

Abstract: The stereoscopic microscope includes a common close-up optical system that faces an object, a pair of zoom optical systems that form a pair of primary image, a pair of field stops, a pair of relay optical systems that relay the primary images to form a pair of secondary images, an inter-axis distance reducing element, an image taking device and an illuminating optical system. The object light rays incident on the close-up optical system form the primary images having predetermined parallax at the field stops through the zoom optical systems. The inter-axis distance reducing element reduces the inter-axis distance of the right and left light rays. The primary images are re-imaged by the relay optical systems as the secondary images on the adjacent regions on the single image taking surface of the image taking device, respectively.

Abstract: A system for imaging is disclosed herein. The system has a numerical aperture (NA) preferably greater than 0.9, but greater than 0.65, and uses unique illumination entrances to collect reflected, diffracted, and scattered light over a range of angles. The system includes a catadioptric group, focusing optics group, and tube lens group. Illumination can enter the catadioptric optical system using an auxiliary beamsplitter or mirror, or through the catadioptric group at any angle from 0 to 85 degrees from vertical. The high NA catadioptric system can also have a relayed pupil plane, used to select different imaging modes, providing simultaneous operation of different imaging modes, Fourier filtering, and other pupil shaping operations.