Abstract: Picture display cell, method of forming an orientation layer on a substrate of the picture display cell and monomeric compounds for use in the orientation layer.The picture display cell comprising two transparent plates having an electrode with thereon an orientation layer and a sealing ring between the ends of the plates, a liquid crystalline material being present in the space between the plates and the ring, the orientation layer being formed from a monomer or a low molecular compound which is first oriented in a field.

Abstract: An improved method of forming three-dimensional objects comprises irradiating an uncured photopolymer by emitting an effective amount of photopolymer solidifying radiation directly into a desired area inside of uncured photopolymer using an immersed radiation guide. The radiation is emitted through a material which leaves the irradiated surface capable of further cross-linking so that when an adjacent area is irradiated, it will adhere thereto. Repeating the irradiation for all areas in desired sequence, any three-dimensional object can be made; depending on the size of the emitted beam and the amount of emitted energy, objects can be formed point by point, post by post, area by area or layer by layer.