Abstract: A method for treating aluminum to enhance corrosion resistance of its surface. The chemical conversion coating aluminum and aluminum alloys are exposed to an aqueous PU solution to form a PU film on the surface. The aqueous PU solution comprises: (i) 5-15% weight of water dispersable polyurethane resin, (ii) 0.1-56 weight of cross-linking agent, and (iii) 80-94.9% weight of water.

Abstract: This invention relates to a surface treatment method comprising the steps of soaking aluminum or an aluminum alloy in a treating solution containing a fluorine compound and ammonium silicofluoride, and treating the aluminum or aluminum alloy in the treating solution at a temperature in the range of 70 to 100.degree. C.; a piston having undergone such a surface treatment; and a piston coated with a film consisting of an Al--OH--F compound, as well as a sliding member in which its sliding surface and the like are coated with a slide film consisting, for example, of a compound of aluminum, fluorine and the hydroxyl group; and a surface-treating film for an aluminum alloy which is formed on a surface of aluminum or an aluminum alloy and consists of an aluminum fluoride hydroxide compound and silicon particles dispersed therein.

Abstract: The invention provides a steel product having superior weathering which is coated with a rust layer containing 50 or more weight % of non-crystalline rust, a method of producing the steel product, and a method of forming weathering protective rust on a material surface of the steel product. A material of a steel product is placed in an atmosphere in which the dew point is kept constant and the temperature of the steel product material is repeatedly varied between a temperature range of 5.degree. C. or more higher than the dew point and a temperature range of 5.degree. C. or more lower than the dew point. Weathering protective rust is thereby formed on the material surface of the steel product and a steel product having superior weathering is obtained. Preferably, the atmosphere contains 15 to 50 volume % of oxygen gas, and the temperature of the steel product is varied at a rising rate of 0.1 to 2.degree. C./minute and a lowering rate of 0.01 to 2.degree. C./minute.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus for producing steels with predominantly high Cr content and/or ferro-alloys, wherein the metal charge is melted in a melting crucible, is alloyed, refined and reduced, and wherein process gases are simultaneously supplied through bottom nozzles. A melting crucible is used with a specific reaction volume of 0.4 to 1.5 m.sup.3 /t steel and the injection rates of the process gases are controlled in the range of 0.1 to 3.0 N m.sup.3 /t/min. The solid charge material is melted by an electric arc and air/nitrogen are injected simultaneously and, after forming a liquid sump, a gas mixture of oxygen and inert gas is injected. After adding slag-forming constituents and alloying agents, the oxygen throughput is increased and the power of the electric arc is reduced accordingly. The oxygen throughput is reduced in relation to the inert gas during refining and decarburization takes place as a result of increasing the electric arc with low chromium slag formation.

Abstract: There is provided a method for treating the surface of metals such as nickel based or high alloy steels, austenitic and ferritic stainless steels, copper and aluminum alloys to increase their corrosion resistance by modification of the metal surfaces to inhibit cathodic corrosion processes. In a single step treatment process the metals are immersed into a heated aqueous composition containing a rare earth salt substantially free of any halide compound. Increased corrosion resistance is obtained using nitrates of yttrium, gadolinium, cerium, europium, terbium, samarium, neodymium, praseodymium, lanthanum, holmium, ytterbium, dysprosium, and erbium nitrates. The rare earth salt is present in the range from about 2% by weight to saturation of the solution. The composition includes a pH-modifying substance such as nitric acid to adjust the pH in the range 0.5 to about 6.5 to attack the surface to remove oxides facilitating deposition of the rare earth. For aluminum alloys the pH is maintained between 4.5 to 6.

Abstract: A method for producing a molten iron from a compact containing a carbonaceous reductant and an iron oxide is carried out extremely efficiently with a simple operation. The compact is supplied to a molten iron bath or a molten slag on the molten iron bath so as to float on the molten iron bath and/or the molten slag such that a part or most of the compact surface is substantially exposed to a high temperature gas atmosphere in the furnace for taking in a reduced iron generated by the reduction of the iron oxide in the compact.

Abstract: A process for conversion of iron oxide to iron carbide, including the steps of: providing a fluidized bed reactor having a metallizing zone and a carburizing zone; feeding iron oxide to the reactor; feeding a reducing gas to the reactor so as to provide reduced iron in the metallizing zone; and feeding a carburizing gas to the carburizing zone so as to provide a final iron carbide product in the carburizing zone having between about 2.2% wt. and about 6.5 wt. % carbon and at least about 80% wt. iron.

Abstract: The subject invention provides a novel process and bioreactor for enhancing the bioleaching of metals from sulfide mineral concentrations.

Abstract: A fluxing composition is disclosed. The composition comprises a high molecular weight carboxylic acid that forms a combination of carboxylate salts and unreacted acid anhydrides when applied to a solder alloy and exposed to temperatures in the range of about 150 to 350.degree. C. in an inert atmosphere and a carrier fluid comprising a mixture of organic solvents that is heat stable and non-reactive with the solder alloy and has a high viscosity at room temperature. Also disclosed is an integrated circuit assembly comprising an integrated circuit comprising a chip attached to a substrate by a plurality of solder joints and a thin layer of a residue comprising the carboxylate salts and acid anhydride. The film of residue is formed concomitantly with the formation of the solder joints during the reflow cycle. Since the residue is reactive with an epoxy used in bonding the chip to the substrate, the usual process step of cleaning the flux residue prior to dispensing the epoxy is obviated.

Abstract: A process for altering surface properties of a mass of metal alloy solder comprising a first metal and a second metal. The process comprises exposing the mass to energized ions to preferentially sputter atoms of the first metal to form a surface layer ratio of first metal to second metal atoms that is less than the bulk ratio. The solder may be located on the surface of a substrate, wherein the process may further comprise masking the substrate to shield all but a selected area from the ion beam. The sputtering gas may comprises a reactive gas such as oxygen and the substrate may be an organic substrate. The process may further comprise simultaneously exposing the organic substrate to energized ions of the reactive gas to roughen the organic substrate surface.

Abstract: An apparatus for applying a leaching solution to a mass of ore includes a plurality of first tubes which are connected to a supply of leaching solution. Each of the first tubes is fitted with emitters which are positioned at spaced intervals along the length of each first tube. The first tubes are connected with a manifold on their distal ends. A second tube is connected to the manifold. The second tube is fitted with a sprinkler which is positioned to distribute leaching solution over the surface area of the ore mass which is positioned intermediate adjacent emitters.

Abstract: The present invention provides a method for treating rotary slag containing iron and sodium compounds. The method involves treating the slag in a sulfuric acid solution to convert the iron and sodium within the slag to iron sulfate and sodium sulfate. The iron sulfate (along with substantially all of the heavy metal contaminants) forms a precipitate, while the sodium sulfate remains in solution. The precipitate can then be separated from the solution.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for smelting iron ore in which iron ore is preheated and partly reduced within a first reaction zone and then further reduced in a second reaction zone. The first reaction zone can be a shaft reduction furnace and the second reaction zone can be a melter gasifier. An auxiliary third reaction zone partially oxidizes a carbonaceous material to produce char for the third reaction zone. A reducing gas produced by partial oxidation of the char is used to effect the partial reduction conducted within the first reaction zone. Volatile substances contained within a heating gas produced by the partial oxidation within the auxiliary third reaction zone is further oxidized and used to preheat the iron ore within the first reaction zone.

Abstract: A first, solid, carbon-containing fuel is gasified and iron is melted in a gasifier-melter. A first flow of resulting fuel gas is employed to form the iron in a vertical shaft furnace by direct reduction of iron ore. A second flow of resulting fuel gas is mixed with fuel gas produced by separately gasifying a second carbon-containing fuel in a second gasifier, in which no iron is melted and which supplies essentially no carbonaceous solid fuel to the first gasification stage. This mixing helps to dampen fluctuations in the flow rate of the second flow of the resulting fuel gas.

Abstract: Valve metal articles such as wire, sheet or powder having a second metal, preferably in a peripheral margin, prepared by coating the valve metal with a salt solution of the metal additive and heat treating in the presence of an oxygen getter to remove the oxygen from the valve metal and the anion of the metal salt to form the metal additive. For tantalum wire a preferred second metal is nickel. A preferred oxygen getter is magnesium. Nickel-containing tantalum wire is useful for enhance bonding to sintered pressed tantalum powder pellets in the production of electrolytic capacitors.

Abstract: Novel utilizations of strontium aluminate, a by-product of the manufacture of strontium, are disclosed in connection with the art of steelmaking. It is useful as a synthetic slag covering for molten iron or steel, as well as in the foaming slag practice, as a backfilling material for spaces between the safety lining and the working lining of a ladle, as a major component for a blend from which are made pellets or briquettes useful as a slag conditioner, as an additive to calcium aluminate which has the effect of substantially lowering the melting point of calcium aluminate, as a tracer material to determine the source of impurities, and as a binder to recycle metal-containing dust.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for recovering nickel in one and the same process from two pyrometallurgically produced nickel mattes, one of which contains a remarkable percentage or iron. The leaching of iron-bearing nickel matte is carried out in one step by conducting solution from the leaching cycle of a less iron containing matte into the leaching of a more iron containing matte at a stage where the iron of the less iron containing matte is in soluble form. The iron contained in the mattes is advantageously precipitated as jarosite and the solution created in the leaching of the more iron containing matte is conducted back into the leaching cycle of the less iron containing matte.

Abstract: In a process for working up combustion residues and slags from waste incineration plants or steel works slags, the slag is charged at a slag layer height of above 1.2 m into a converter (1), in which the molten slag is reacted with a metal bath (4) through which oxygen is blown. The oxygen is introduced into the bath (4) for cooling the submerged tuyeres (7, 8) in the form of air or along with CO.sub.2 or water vapor.

Abstract: A method of blackening a magnetic shield for use in a color CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) is disclosed. A plurality of magnetic shield members are stacked with clamps inserted in their holes beforehand or with the intermediary of cut and raised portions or lugs thereof. Therefore, efficient work is promoted in relation to a blackening furnace and other facilities, work space, the number of steps of forming a blackening film, etc. In addition, oxygen flows evenly between the adjacent shield members, forming blackening films of high quality.

Abstract: Castings based on the nickel aluminide intermetallic alloy IC-221M were melted and poured with an addition of enough molybdenum to bring its concentration to 5 weight %. This resulted in a minimization or elimination of the nickel-zirconium eutectic phase in the dies machined and prepared from these castings. The benefit of eliminating or minimizing the nickel zirconium eutectic phase with the addition of measurable amounts of molybdenum (Mo) to the nickel aluminide (Ni.sub.3 Al) alloy is the increase in the useful service life of the tooling made from it; thus providing the advantages of increased productivity, enhanced quality and reduced costs in a manufacturing setting. Heat treatment of the dies machined and prepared from these castings was also undertaken. The heat treatment regimen includes solution treatment at 2100.degree. F. for 24 hours and aging from between 1150.degree. F. and 1300.degree. F. for between 12 to 24 hours.