Abstract: The present invention related to a toner used in a toner-jetting system wherein the toner is jettingly adhered to a recording medium in a direct manner, the toner having a specific angle of repose, a specific mean roundness and/or a specific distribution of a particle size.

Abstract: An electrophotographic imaging member is improved in light shock resistance by including in the charge transport layer a light shock resisting additive of triethanolamine, morpholine, an imidazole or mixtures thereof. The imaging member preferably has a charge generating layer containing hydroxygallium phthalocyanine, alkoxygallium phthalocyanine and mixtures thereof as the photogenerating particles. The method of rendering an imaging member including such a charge generating layer acceptably resistant to light shock includes forming a charge transport layer in association with the charge generating layer to contain the light shock resisting additive of triethanolamine, morpholine, an imidazole or mixtures thereof.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a developer carrying member for carrying thereon a developer to transport the developer to a developing zone, and a regulation member provided in touch with the surface of the developer carrying member to regulate coat weight of the developer carried thereon. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer formed thereon, and the photosensitive layer contains at least one polycarbonate resin (I) having a viscosity-average molecular weight not more than 1.5×104 and at least one polycarbonate resin (II) having a viscosity-average molecular weight more than 1.5×104, the polycarbonate resin (I) being contained in a proportion of from 30% by weight to 95% by weight based on the total weight of the polycarbonate resins (I) and (II). On the developer carrying member, the developer is in a coat weight not more than 1.5 mg/cm2 at the developing zone after its regulation by the regulation member.

Abstract: A magnetic coated carrier suitable for constituting a two-component type developer for use in electrophotography is composed of magnetic coated carrier particles comprising magnetic coated carrier particles comprising magnetic carrier core particles each comprising a binder resin and metal oxide particles, and a coating layer surface-coating each carrier core particle. The metal oxide particles have been subjected to a surface lipophilicity-imparting treatment. The magnetic carrier core particles have a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.10 ohm.cm, and the magnetic coated carrier has a resistivity of at least 1.times.10.sup.12 ohm.cm. The magnetic coated carrier has a particle size distribution such that (i) it has a number-average particle size Dn of 5-100 .mu.m, (ii) it satisfies a relationship of Dn/.sigma..gtoreq.3.5, wherein .sigma.

Abstract: The methods and systems for efficiently transferring images from an image bearing member include placing a release layer over the image bearing member before placing the toner layer over the release layer. The release layer reduces the adhesiveness of the toner layer to the image bearing member and, therefore, promotes efficient transfer to another substrate without applying heat. Release layer materials include, for example, a clear toner layer, a clear fluid layer and a wax layer.

Abstract: A toner composition useful for forming a single or full colored image on a transfer sheet, containing a coloring agent, and a binder resin, wherein the coloring agent contains a plural kinds of metal elements (a) which contribute to the color of the coloring agent and at least one kind of a metal element (b) which does not contribute to the color of the coloring agent. At least one of the metal elements (a) shows substantially the same two-dimensional distribution within an area of at least 1 square .mu.m as that of the metal element (b) when analyzed by an electron prove micro analyzer. By sintering a ceramic, such as a tile, on which the image-bearing transfer sheet has been applied, a pattern corresponding to the toner image is formed on the ceramic.

Abstract: A method of treating an electrostatographic imaging member web is applied to a web that includes a support substrate and at least one imaging layer formed over the support substrate. The electrostatographic imaging member web can optionally include no anti-curl backing layer. The web is bent into an arcuate shape and heated to a temperature above the glass transition temperature of the imaging layer. The imaging layer is then cooled while in the arcuate shape to a temperature below the glass transition temperature, forming a substantially stress-free imaging layer when conforming to the arcuate shape. The electrostatographic imaging members can be electrographic and electrophotographic imaging members. The treated electrostatographic imaging member webs can be formed into seamed electrostatographic imaging member belts such as ionographic imaging member belts and photoreceptor belts.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor having a photosensitive layer containing a binder resin on an electroconductive substrate, wherein at least a part of the binder resin in the photosensitive layer is a polycarbonate resin having a structure of the following formula (1) as main repeating units and a structure of the following formula (2) at one or each terminal and having a viscosity-average molecular weight of from 10,000 to 300,000: ##STR1## where, in the formula (1), each of Y.sup.1 to Y.sup.8 which are independent of one another, is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.1-10 saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a C.sub.3-10 unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbon group, a halogen atom, a halogenated alkyl group, a C.sub.1-10 alkoxy group or a C.sub.6-20 aromatic hydrocarbon group which may be substituted, X.sup.1 is ##STR2## an aromatic ring, a single bond, a lactone or fluorene, each of R.sup.1 to R.sup.7 which are independent of one another, is a hydrogen atom, a C.sub.

Abstract: The photovoltaic element of the present invention is a photovoltaic element comprised of a semiconductor-junctioned element, characterized in that the element includes a first electrically conductive type semiconductor layer, a non-crystalline i type semiconductor layer, a microcrystalline i type semiconductor layer and a microcrystalline second electrically conductive type semiconductor layer and is pin-junctioned, and a method of and an apparatus for manufacturing the same are characterized by efficiently and continuously mass-producing the photovoltaic element having an excellent current-voltage characteristic and excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency.

Abstract: A toner having a negative triboelectric chargeability is constituted by at least a binder resin, a colorant, a wax and an organic metal compound. The toner is characterized in that: (a) the toner has an acid value of 5-35 mgKOH/g, (b) the binder resin comprises a vinyl polymer, (c) the binder resin in the toner contains a chloroform-insoluble content in an amount of 3-50 wt. %, (d) the toner contains a THF (tetrahydrofuran)-soluble content providing a GPC (gel permeation chromatography) chromatogram exhibiting a main peak in a molecular weight range of 5,000-30,000 and at least one sub-peak and/or shoulder in a molecular weight range of 2.times.10.sup.5 -15.times.10.sup.5 and including 15-70% of a component having molecular weights of 1.times.10.sup.4 -10.times.10.sup.

Abstract: An electrophotographic toner showing good cleanability and is suitable for use in developing an electrostatic latent image formed on an amorphous-silicon photosensitive member is provided. The toner includes toner particles each comprising a binder resin and a colorant, and inorganic fine powder A. The inorganic fine powder A contains 88.0-97.0 wt. % of a rare earth compound comprising a rare earth oxide. The rare earth compound contains 40.0-65.0 wt. % of Ce (calculated as CeO.sub.2), 25.0-45.0 wt. % of La (calculated as La.sub.2 O.sub.3), 1.0-10.0 wt. % of Nd (calculated as Nd.sub.2 O.sub.3) and 1.0-10.0 wt. % of Pr (calculated as Pr.sub.6 O.sub.11). The rare earth compound contains further a fluorinated rare earth compound in such an amount as to provide the inorganic fine powder A with a fluorine content of 2.0-11.0 wt. %.

Abstract: A photoreceptor including: (a) a substrate; (b) a charge blocking layer including a plurality of light scattering particles dispersed in a binder, wherein the light scattering particles have a refractive index different from the binder and wherein the light scattering particles have a number average particle size greater than about 0.8 micrometer and have a surface roughness defined by a specific surface area greater than about 50 m.sup.2 /gm; and (c) an imaging layer.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a positive charging single-layer type electrophotosensitive material comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate, said photosensitive layer comprising an electron charge generating material, a hole transferring material, an electron transferring material and a binder resin, wherein a mobility of the hole transferring material at an electric field strength of 5.times.10.sup.5 V/cm is not less than 1.times.10.sup.-5 cm.sup.2 /V/sec and the electron transferring material has a mobility of not less than 1/20000 and not more than 1/10 relative to that of the hole transferring material. Said positive charging single-layer type photosensitive material has a sufficient sensitivity even when used in a high-speed image forming apparatus capable of taking 50 or more copies of a A4-size original.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor including a photoconductive layer which is formed overlying an electroconductive substrate and which includes at least a charge transporting polymer material, wherein the photoconductive layer has a water vapor permeability not greater than about 200 g.multidot.m.sup.-2 .multidot.24 h.sup.-1. The photoconductive layer may be a functionally separated photoconductive layer including a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer which is formed overlying the charge generating layer and which includes the charge transporting polymer material, wherein the charge transporting layer has a water vapor permeability not greater than about 200 g.multidot.m.sup.-2 .multidot.24 h.sup.-1.

Abstract: A toner for developing an electrostatic latent image includes at least coloring particles containing a colorant and a binder resin. The volume average particle size of the coloring particle is 1.0 to 5.0 .mu.m. The toner is further characterized in that (1) the relationship between the quantity of the electric charge and the particle size is adjusted appropriately, (2) the particle size distribution is adjusted appropriately and/or (3) an external additive comprising at least an ultra microparticle and a super-ultra microparticle may be added, the rate of coating on the coloring particle being adjusted appropriately. A method for forming an image includes (1) a developing step in which a toner layer is formed on the surface of a developer support arranged opposed to a latent image support and an electrostatic latent image on the latent image support is developed with the toner layer to obtain a toner image and (2) a transfer step in which the toner image formed is transferred to a transfer material.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoconductor comprises a charge generation layer containing a phthalocyanine compound as a charge generation material and a charge transfer layer containing a charge transfer material of a hole transfer type, the charge generation layer and the charge transfer layer are laminated on a conductive support, wherein the charge generation layer has an ionization potential of at least 5.6 eV.

Abstract: An electrophotographic photoreceptor characterized in comprising a resin layer containing a hardenable siloxane-based resin having a partial structure described below: ##STR1## wherein X represents a charge transportability providing group, which is a group bonding to Y in the formula via a carbon atom constituting said providing group, and Y represents at least a bivalent atom or group, excluding adjacent bonding atoms.

Abstract: A toner comprised of a sulfonated polyester resin, colorant and thereover a quaternary organic component ionically bound to the toner surface.

Abstract: The invention relates to a commercially useful color thermal transfer dye sublimation toner comprising at least a binder resin and a sublimation dye component, the binder resin comprising a high molecular weight polymer having a molecular weight of above about 100,000, and the sublimation dye comprising a dye which sublimes at elevated temperatures above about 100.degree. C. The invention further defines a process for the use of the toner.

Abstract: Aluminum azo complex dyes of the formula (I) or (I') ##STR1## are used as charge control agents in electrophotographic toners and developers, powder coating materials, electret materials, color filters, electrostatic separation processes and in inkjet inks.