Abstract: Ballast and starting circuits for controlling current and voltage applied to an electrical dishcarge lamp. The ballast circuits use positive and negative capacitors which are alternately charged and discharged in an asychronous manner. The positively charged capacitors are charged during positive portions of alternating current and discharged during negative portions of the alternating current. The negatively charged capacitors are charged during negative portions of the alternating current and discharged during positive portions. Transistors or other appropriate switching means are used to switch the capacitors to the lamp during discharge thereof. Startup circuits are included for boosting the voltage applied to the lamp either manually or automatically upon startup. A startup regulator circuit is also shown for controlling current flow during periods of high current demand such as during startup.

Abstract: In gyrotron devices, pitch factor and efficiency are directly proportional. When the pitch factor is increased, however, a larger starting current is needed. The available power supply thus limits the pitch factor and subsequently, the efficiency of the device. The present invention is a gyrotron device in which the pitch factor is adjustable. When starting the gyrotron the pitch factor is set to a low level and only a small starting current is required. After the device has been started, the pitch factor can be increased to increase the oscillation efficiency.

Abstract: In a multi-cavity klystron amplifier tube, the gain-bandwidth product is improved and the amplitude response is made flatter by successive intermediate floating cavities downstream of the input cavity tuned to successively higher frequencies, and the drift lengths between them successively shorter.

Abstract: A sub-nanosecond rise time megavolt pulse generator is disclosed. The generator utilizes an induction energy store together with electron beams for generating a sub-nanosecond high voltage pulse wave-front. The electron beams are deflected to establish the wave-front. In a preferred form multiple electron beams together with a waveguide of particular shape provide simultaneous converging wave-fronts that are directed to a local area.

Abstract: A method for operating an ion source having a filament-cathode and an anode. The method includes supplying direct current electrical power between the anode and the filament-cathode characterized by substantially constant arc current there between and varying arc voltage on the filament-cathode. Direct current electrical power is also supplied across the filament-cathode. The value of the arc voltage is monitored and the magnitude of electrical power supplied to the filament-cathode is altered in response to detected changes in the arc voltage to return the arc voltage to substantially a preset reference value. The monitoring step and the altering step are carried out at regular preset intervals. The altering step includes deriving an filament power error signal as a prearranged function which includes the difference in values between the monitored arc voltage and the preset reference value multiplied by a predefined integral gain value.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp having an inner tube in which a discharge takes place to produce visible light and ultraviolet radiation and an outer envelope which blocks harmful ultraviolet radiation. A mechanical switching element is provided to extinguish the discharge when the outer envelope is broken.

Abstract: The device is to be mounted on any individual chandelier or any form of lamp: normal bulb (10), fluorescent, neon, sodium mercury vapor etc. When the space is not illuminated very much, the lamp (10) in consequence of the electronic circuit contained in the device according to the invention (1) lights up with an intensity so as to compensate for the reduction of the illumination of the surroundings.The device therefore controls every individual lamp economizing energy because unlike the known devices controlling groups of lamps it acts so as to subdue the light emitted by the lamp or bulb gradually the more the space surrounding it is illuminated. The luminous energy emitted is inversely proportional to the luminous intensity of the surrounding space. The luminous energy of the space is preferably communicated to the device (1) by means of a bundle of optical fibres (2) avoiding the light reflected by the shield (14) of the lamp.

Abstract: The invention relates to a high-pressure discharge lamp comprising an outer bulb accommodating a first and a second discharge vessel, these discharge vessels being connected electrically in series. According to the invention, the second discharge vessel is electrically shunted by a bimetal switch which is closed at a temperature of at least 300 K. The lamp thus starts in two steps, which facilitates the starting process and renders it more reliable.

Abstract: The invention comprises a fluid-tight light box containing a cold cathode light source activated by a high frequency ballast circuit small enough to be contained in the box.At least the box bottom interior is coated with a crinkle or matte finish to cause uniform brightness at or adjacent to a window in the upper side of the box. The ballast circuit is preferably also coated to avoid shadow effects.A milky element may comprise the window or be positioned adjacent thereto to comprise a light diffuser for a transparency adjacent thereto or the transparency may be coated on its reverse side with a diffuser coating.This display or portrait exhibitor may measure less than 2 inches thick and this is the reason the light reflective path and materials are so critical.

Abstract: An illuminator for cultivating a plant by a discharge lamp excited by the output of a high frequency power source by utilizing photosynthetic mechanism. The output power of the high frequency power source is controlled to high and low powers by a bright and dark controller to alternatively supply the high and low powers to the discharge lamp in predetermined periods.

Abstract: An electron beam-excited ion beam source having a plasma region, an accelerating cathode, an electron beam accelerating region, an accelerating anode, an ion producing region and a target cathode in this order, and further comprising means for applying a negative electric potential to the target cathode as against the accelerating cathode and an ion extracting electrode for extracting positive ions or negative ions produced in the ion producing region whereby a high current ion beam can be obtained in a low input power.

Abstract: A fluorescent lamp assembly having an electronic ballast circuit. A ballast circuit transformer is mounted on a metallic plate having a recess complementary to the transformer, and the metallic plate suppresses conducted RFI. A lamp cover is attached to the metallic plate and heat from the ballast circuit transformer is dissipated by the metallic plate and lamp cover.

Abstract: A foilless intense relativistic electron beam generator uses an ionized cnel to guide electrons from a cathode passed an anode to a remote location.

Abstract: The invention relates to a tunable magnetron comprising a rotatable tuning element (10) projecting into a ring shaped interaction space between coaxially arranged cathode and anode systems. The tuning element (10) is driven by an electric motor (11) and produces upon rotation a periodic variation of the tuning. The tuning element (10) is situated within the evacuated space of the magnetron and the motor (11) in situated outside said space. The drive torque of the motor is then transferred to the tuning element via a coupling (12) having two active parts situated one on each side of the evacuated envelope (17) of the magnetron. Such a coupling can only transfer a limited torque. According to the invention the magnetron comprises means for limiting the torque which can be transferred to the coupling (12), both upon starting and stopping, for example a torque limiter (21-26) between the motor (11) and the coupling (12), whereby the start and stop procedures can be performed with optimum torque.

Abstract: A coupled cavity travelling wave tube has a coupling wall/ferro-magnetic pole piece formed as an iron-copper-iron sandwich with a coolant channel therein defined at least in part by the inner copper member of the sandwich. Where the coolant channel is defined also in part by a surface of an outer ferromagnetic member, at least that surface is electroplated.

Abstract: A coupled cavity TWT comprises a hollow copper tube having a plurality of tranverse walls of iron which define cavities. The walls each include an aperture on the longitudinal axis of the tube through which an electron beam passes during operation of the TWT. Any energy dissipated by electrons colliding with the surfaces of the apertures is conducted as heat away from the walls along thermal conduction paths which include copper elongate members.

Abstract: In the process for irradiation of solid materials with ions, primarily to change their surface structure, and composition respectively, the ion irradiation is carried out by means of repetitive impulses. The apparatus carrying out the process has a charging unit (26) consisting of current generators, a control unit (27) connected to the charging unit, the voltage limiter (28), the spark power supply (25) and to the implantation control unit (29). The implantation control unit (29) receives and evaluates incoming signals form target unit (211) and controls the control unit (27) via lead n. The current generators of the charging unit (26) make switching off from the electric means unnecessary and they start recharging the impulse exciter (22) and the source magnet energy bank (23) immediately after the impulse is given.

Abstract: An apparatus capable of detecting the low-speed electrons (photo-electrons, exo-electrons) emitted from an object with increased accuracy, regardless of the condition of operating environment is disclosed. The apparatus consists in the main of a bell-shaped cathode opened to the atmosphere at the bottom thereof, and an anode supported within the cathode. The anode is supplied with a high voltage enough to induce a gaseous discharge upon the entrance of the low-speed electrons into the cathode, and the number of pulses generated by the anode as a result of this gaseous discharge is counted. Also, a sensor is provided to detect the condition of the operating environment and outputs a signal indicative of the condition. This signal is used to adjust the condition for gaseous discharge across the anode and the cathode to thereby maintain a constant counting rate.

Abstract: Device for producing a sliding or traveling magnetic field, with a substantially constant modulus in a working region (11a), using movable permanent magnets, these permanent magnets forming cylindrical bars (1) with diametrical or radial magnetization, with one or more pairs of poles, arranged side by side with their axes parallel and equidistant (E), placed in one and the same plane (A), the magnetizations (J) of the bars (1) being successively angularly offset by a constant angle, the various bars (1) being driven rotationally around their axis at the same angular velocity and in the same direction, and the distance (Y) between the said working region (11a) and the plane (A) of the axes of the bars (1) being equal to at least 0.75 times the distance (E) between the axes of two successive bars.

Abstract: The subject invention relates to a dissociator for an atomic hydrogen maser and comprises a dissociation chamber for generating hydrogen atomic capable of being deflected by a state-selecting magnetic field. The dissociation chamber is provided with an inlet opening for molecular hydrogen and an outlet for atomic hydrogen, radio frequency discharge means connected to said chamber and a yieldable member supporting said dissociation chamber and surrounding the same. The outlet acts as a beam-directing device with a wide range of orientations.