Abstract: The present invention relates to multistage vacuum collectors for ultra-high frequency tubes.Each electrode of the collector comprises two walls which are axially symmetrical with respect to the beam propagation axis and which are superimposed along said axis. The retarding path of the electrons due to the decreasing potentials of the electrodes is thus located in a small volume space between the facing walls of two adjacent electrodes. A plurality of permanent magnets positioned outside the vacuum enclosure above the final electrode produce an asymmetrical magnetic field with respect to the propagation axis.Application to travelling-wave tubes and klystrons.

Abstract: In a gyrotron electron tube of the gyro-klystron or gyro-monotron type, having a cavity supporting an electromagnetic mode with circular electric field, spurious resonances can occur in modes having noncircular electric field. These spurious resonances are damped and their frequencies shifted by a circular groove in the cavity parallel to the electric field.

Abstract: A switching system for delivering pulses of power from a source (10) to a load (20) using a storage capacitor (C3) charged through a rectifier (D1, D2), and maintained charged to a reference voltage level by a transistor switch (Q1) and voltage comparator (12). A thyristor (22) is triggered to discharge the storage capacitor through a saturable reactor (18) and fractional turn saturable transformer (16) having a secondary to primary turn ratio N of n:l/n=n.sup.2. The saturable reactor (18) functions as a "soaker" while the thyristor reaches saturation, and then switches to a low impedance state. The saturable transformer functions as a switching transformer with high impedance while a load coupling capacitor (C4) charges, and then switches to a low impedance state to dump the charge of the storage capacitor (C3) into the load through the coupling capacitor (C4).

Abstract: In an electric lamp with a sleeve-shaped cap and an inner sleeve carrying the bulb, the cap has at least two lugs protruding inwards and the inner sleeve is provided with at least two slots on its cylindrical sheath, which engage the lugs.

Abstract: The invention contemplates lead-through structure for the high-voltage electrode of an electron microscope or the like, in conjunction with shaping of the high-voltage electrode and of the body of insulating material via which the lead-through is supported, in reference to metal envelope structure. The high-voltage electrode has a step-wise enlargement, and the surface of the insulating material which is exposed to the vacuum commences at the start of the step-wise enlargement. As a result, the field strength along the vacuum-exposed insulator surface is so influenced that a minimum electric field strength is produced at the boundary line between the vacuum and the high-voltage electrode. The further result is to prevent occurrence of microdischarges.

Abstract: An improved R.F. transmitting tube for the 20 GHz to 500 GHz range comprises a gyrotron (10) and a multistage depressed collector (11) as shown in FIG. 1. A winding (19) provides a magnetic field which acts on spent, spinning or orbiting electrons changing their motion to substantially forward linear motion in a downstream direction.The spent electrons then pass through a focusser (18) into the collector (11). Nearly all of the electrons injected into the collector will remain within an imaginary envelope designated by dashed lines 8 and 9 as they travel forward toward the end collector plate (26). The apertures in the collector plates (22-25) are at least as large in diameter as the envelope (8,9) at any particular axial position.FIG. 2 illustrates magnetic field strength from the cathode (13) of FIG. 1 to the collector entrance in focusser 18.

Abstract: An improved gyrotron oscillator or gyrotron amplifier having a plurality of trong-field magnetic arrays disposed along the length of the device. Each magnetic array comprises n electromagnets, the windings of which are arranged so that the polarity of the electromagnets alternates around each array. Further, the polarity of the corresponding magnets in successive arrays alternate axially along the device. The strong-field magnetic arrays focus and reshape the electron beam within the gyrotron, thereby increasing the efficiency of the device. Permanent magnets may be used in lieu of electromagnets but offer less control.

Abstract: A magnetron unit has a magnetic flux path for magnetic flux supplied from a permanent magnet to the interaction space. A magnetic member is disposed outside the anode cylinder for providing a by-path for the magnetic flux supplied from the permanent magnet. This magnetic member is made of a magnetic compensating alloy whose magnetic permeability decreases with an increase in temperature.

Abstract: In a Gyrotron electron tube, oscillating motion perpendicular to the axis of a linear electron beam is produced by a helical component of magnetic field. The length along the beam of the helical field is critically chosen so that electrons at various radii from the axis all acquire equal transverse energy.

Abstract: A microwave plasma ion source according to the present invention is designed such that a microwave electric field and a magnetic field are applied to a discharge gas introduced into a discharge region, to form plasma, from which ions are extracted. The above magnetic field is formed by means of an electromagnet provided on the low-voltage side of ion extraction electrodes and a high-permeability member provided in that section which is on the side of a waveguide and which permits the microwaves to be propagated freely.

Abstract: A rotary anode comprising a basic body of carbon whose surface is provided with a pyrolytic graphite coating having a crystallographic layer structure. A metallic layer of high-melting temperature, in which X-rays are generated during operation in an X-ray tube, is provided on the body. The metallic layer and the pyrolytic graphite coating have a common contact face which cuts through the crystallographic layers in the pyrolytic graphite. Heat developed in the metallic layer is discharged through the face into the pyrolytic graphite layers.

Abstract: A method of adjusting a phase shift in an amplification multicavity klystron comprises the steps of tapping a portion of signal from output and intermediate resonators of a klystron, adding up the tapped signals, adjusting the amplitudes and phases of the tapped signals so that said signals have equal amplitude but opposite phases with the klystron operating under nominal conditions and applying the sum signal to an input resonator whereupon anode voltage is varied until a phase shift in the klystron changes, the subsequent step being the selection of the phase of the sum signal to provide for a minimum phase-shift variation in the klystron. A device for executing the proposed method of adjusting a phase shift includes a line composed of a phase shifter, an adder, and an additional phase shifter. One input of the phase shifter is connected to the output resonator of the klystron, while the other input thereof is coupled to the adder.

Abstract: A delayed starting circuit for an electronic ballast system that includes an inverter coupled to a secondary voltage source. The starting circuit includes a voltage divider having an input coupled to a charge storage capacitance in the voltage source and an output coupled through a semiconductor switching device to an input of the inverter. The switching device remains non-conductive until the capacitance has been substantially charged, thereby protecting the inverter from transients encountered as a surge of charge is delivered to the capacitance subsequent to the initial energization of the ballast circuit.

Abstract: A novel apparatus and method for focussing beams of charged particles comprising planar arrays of electrostatic quadrupoles. The quadrupole arrays may comprise electrodes which are shared by two or more quadrupoles. Such quadrupole arrays are particularly adapted to providing strong focussing forces for high current, high brightness, beams of charged particles, said beams further comprising a plurality of parallel beams, or beamlets, each such beamlet being focussed by one quadrupole of the array. Such arrays may be incorporated in various devices wherein beams of charged particles are accelerated or transported, such as linear accelerators, klystron tubes, beam transport lines, etc.

Abstract: A lamp unit having a housing containing a ballast and provided with a screw base. The base fits over an end of the housing and is attached thereto by a low-cost resin material which, in cooperation with shaped contours on the housing and the base, mechanically locks these parts together.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electron discharge device in which radio frequency energy is generated or amplified by high speed electrons traveling in a beam along the axis of a waveguide and subjected to a periodic magnetic field. The periodic field causes the electrons to travel in periodic orbits producing electromagnetic energy. When suitably adjusted, the energy in the beam is converted into electromagnetic energy of a given frequency. The device herein disclosed has an improved magnetic structure for causing the beam to travel in a helical path and for focusing it as it pursues this path. The helical path is produced by a static, spatially circularly polarized transverse field. Focusing of the beam is achieved by a pair of similar helically disposed axial magnetic fields having mutually opposite polarization.

Abstract: A high intensity discharge lamp includes arc extinguishing means functional when the outer envelope of the lamp fails. The extinguishing means comprises a pressure sensing diaphragm and a terminal which will melt back when an arc is drawn therebetween. The extinguishing means operates within a time interval of several milli-seconds.

Abstract: The anode cavity of a power magnetron is connected through a coupling slot to a reactively terminated waveguide structure containing one or more selectively magnetizable ferrite elements acting as adjustable differential phase shifters for two microwave components circulating in opposite directions through the structure or traversing a guide portion in the same direction but with opposite circular polarization. In the first instance the structure comprises two parallel rectangular-section waveguides with a common lateral wall having a proximal and a remote opening serving as directional couplers therebetween; in the second instance the structure is a circular-section waveguide with a main portion occupied by the ferrite element and transition portions separating that main portion from the coupling aperture and from the reactive termination.

Abstract: An envelope comprises a bowl-shaped component with a screw base and a bulb of a translucent material. A fluorescent tube bent a plurality of times and a reactance ballast are encased in the envelope. This fluorescent tube and the reactance ballast are fixed to a supporting plate. The bend part of the fluorescent tube protrudes through the supporting plate toward the side of the bowl-shaped component. A plurality of openings are formed in the bowl-shaped component at parts corresponding to the bend part of the fluorescent tube. A plurality of openings are formed in the supporting plate at parts near the reactance ballast fixed to the supporting plate.

Abstract: In a gyrotron microwave tube, electromagnetic leakage through beam-transmitting drift tubes is greatly reduced by making the diameter of the drift tubes in centimeters less than 8.8 divided by f where f is the operating frequency in gigahertz.