Abstract: A copolymer of general formula (I), wherein unit A is a monomer of an electronically conductive polymer, unit B is a nucleotide, an oligonucleotide or an analogue thereof, x, y, z are integers of 1 or higher or y is 0, and 1 is a covalent bond, or a spacer arm. Methods for preparing polymer (I) and its use, in particular for nucleic acid synthesis, sequencing and hybridization, are also disclosed.

Abstract: The 5,6-dihydronaphthalenyl derivatives of the formulae possess potent retinoid-like activity against dermatological diseases with a substantially reduced irritancy profile when administered topically.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for preparing optionally substituted benzyl carbazates of formula (I) ##STR1## wherein each R.sup.1 independently represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkoxy, di(C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl)amino, nitro, halogen, hydroxyl, the group X-R.sup.3, wherein X represents O or S and R.sup.3 represents straight-chain or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, the group COOR.sup.4, wherein R.sup.4 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, the group NR.sup.5 R.sup.6, wherein R.sup.5 and R.sup.6 independently represent C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl, or a C.sub.3 -C.sub.6 -cycloalkyl group that is optionally substituted by straight-chain or branched C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 -alkyl groups, andn is an integer from 0 to 5,by reacting a dialkyl carbonate with an optionally substituted benzyl alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, separating off the resulting reaction mixture from the catalyst, and subsequently reacting the separated reaction mixture with hydrazine hydrate.

Abstract: Provided are methods for the preparation and purification of alkyl tetrahalophthalate esters by the reaction of a tetrahalophthalic compound with an alkanol in the presence of a titanate catalyst. More particularly, improved methods are provided for making and recovering an ester with little contamination by catalytic metal components and color bodies, and with little acidity, in a high yield from the esterification reaction by pretreating the starting materials to reduce the acidity thereof, reacting the starting materials in the presence of a titanate catalyst, stripping excess alcohol, hydrolyzing the catalyst, and filtering out solids to yield a high purity tetrahalophthalate ester product.

Abstract: Process for the telomerization of dienesThe present invention relates to a process for the telomerization of dienes, according to which the diene is reacted with a compound containing an active hydrogen atom in the presence of a palladium compound, a water-soluble phosphine ligand and a base, the water-soluble ligand being a bidentate ligand having the following formula I ##STR1## in which R is identical or different and is phenyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl or C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 -cycloalkyl, which may be unsubstituted or substituted by one or more radicals R',R' is identical or different and is SO.sub.3.sup.- M.sup.+, --NMe.sub.3.sup.+ or --COO.sup.- M.sup.+,n is an integer from 1 to 6, in each case based on a naphthyl backbone, andM is H, Na, K, Cs or R".sub.4 N.sup.+ where R" is identical or different and is H, C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 -alkyl or C.sub.1 -C.sub.10 -cycloalkyl.

Abstract: An anhydrous process for the production of acetic acid by the reaction of methanol, and/or dimethyl ether, with a gaseous reactant comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the hydrogen being present in an amount less than 9 mole %, in the presence of a catalyst system comprising at least one noble metal of Group VIII of the Periodic Table as catalyst, a halo-compound as co-catalyst and an iodide salt as catalyst stabiliser which process comprises feeding methanol, and/or dimethyl ether, and gaseous reactant to a carbonylation reactor in which there is maintained a liquid reaction composition comprising: (i) methyl acetate in an amount from 1 to 35% w/w, (ii) acetic anhydride in an amount up to 8% w/w, (iii) halo-compound in an amount from 3 to 20% w/w, (iv) Group VIII noble metal catalyst in an amount from 1 to 2000 ppm, (v) sufficient iodide salt to provide from 0.5 to 20% by weight iodine as I.sup.- and (vi) acetic acid comprising the remainder of the composition.

Abstract: A nucleophilic substitution reaction on optionally substituted dihalobenzenes is carried out in the presence of an optional catalyst followed by formation of and subsequent carboxylation of a Grignard reaction intermediate. In particular the present invention provides a process leading to optionally substituted hydroxybenzoic, alkanoyloxybenzoic, formyloxybenzoic and alkoxybenzoic acids from 1-substituted 2,6-dihalobenzenes. The invention also provides a process for the direct formation of an acyl chloride from a Grignard reagent by quenching with phosgene.

Abstract: There is provided a process control method for the production of acetic acid by the catalyzed carbonylation of methanol and a process for the manufacture of acetic acid using the process control method. The process control method comprises measuring various reactor component concentrations, specifically the active catalyst species, methyl iodide, water and methyl acetate by means of an infrared analyzer, and adjusting in response thereto the concentrations of at least the catalyst species, methyl iodide and water to optimize the acetic acid reaction.

Abstract: It is described a process for preparing (R)-2-bromo-3-phenyl-propionic acid starting from (D)-phenyl-alanine, sodium nitrite and concentrated hydrobromic acid in a mixture of an aqueous solvent and a solvent selected from the group consisting of halogenated hydrocarbons and aromatic hydrocarbons.

Abstract: Preparation of 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone diesters by rearrangement of 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohex-2-ene-1,4-dione (4-oxo-isophorone, ketoisophorone) in the presence of a solid, acid catalyst and an acylating agent, for example carboxylic acid anhydrides or carboxylic acid halides. The 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone diester may then optionally be saponified to the free 2,3,5-trimethylhydroquinone, which is a valuable building block in the synthesis of vitamin E.

Abstract: The acrylic acid esters of Formula I are useful for the delivery of organoleptic compounds, especially for flavors, fragrances, masking agents and antimicrobial compounds. They can also deliver fluorescent whitening agents.

Abstract: A process for the preparation of sulphonated distyryl-biphenyl compounds of formula: ##STR1## in which R.sub.1 represents hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkoxy or halogen, R.sub.1A represents hydrogen, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkoxy or halogen and M represents hydrogen, an alkaline- or alkaline earth-metal, or ammonium, characterised by reacting a compound of formula: ##STR2## in which R.sub.2 represents C.sub.1 -C.sub.5 alkyl, with a compound of formula: ##STR3## whereby R.sub.3 represents phenyl, optionally substituted by C.sub.1 -C.sub.4 alkoxy, halogen or SO.sub.3 M, or C.sub.1 -C.sub.12 alkyl, R.sub.4 represents C.sub.2 -C.sub.6 alkylene, and M, R.sub.1 and R.sub.1A are defined as above, in an alcoholic or dipolar aprotic solvent and in the presence of a strong base. Novel compounds of formulae (3) and (4) and a process for their preparation.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an process for the preparation of ibuprofen, which comprises reacting para isobutyl phenylethanol (p-IBPE), a halide source, a protonic acid, water and the catalyst which is a compound having formula 1 which is shown herebelow: ##STR1## Wherein M = a group VIII metal specifically palladium or platinum,R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3 = substituents on the phosphine ligand such as hydrogen, alkyl, aryl, arylalkyl cycloaliphatic,X = groups such as aryl or alkyl sulphonato or aryl or alkyl carboxylato ort formato or halides such as CI.sup.-, Br.sup.-, I.sup.-, ##STR2## = a semilabile anionic chelating ligand containing a donor and an O.sup.

Abstract: It is described a process for preparing 2-acetylthio-3-phenyl-propionic acid and the salts thereof starting from 2-bromo-3-phenyl-propionic acid and potassium thioacetate in an organic solvent and in the presence of a phase transfer catalyst.

Abstract: Optically active N-(S-2-acetylthiomethyl-1-oxo-3-phenylpropyl)-glycine benzyl ester useful as an enkephalin inhibitory agent or ACE inhibitory agent can be produced at low cost in an industrial manner, by a method comprising subjecting optically active 2-hydroxymethyl-3-phenylpropionic acid and glycine benzyl ester to condensation to subsequently convert the hydroxyl group into an elimination group, and substituting the elimination group with an acetylthio group.