Abstract: Heptane is difficult to separate from 1-heptene by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. Heptane can be readily separated from 1-heptene by extractive distillation. Effective agents are diacetone alcohol, ethyl butyrate and dimethylsulfoxide.

Abstract: The invention relates to an improved method and a novel apparatus for the concentration, separation, and purification of contaminated chemical compounds, wherein the chemical compound is less volatile than the contaminant. The distillation is performed using constant, predetermined distillation parameters.

Abstract: This invention involves a distillation process for operating a distillation purifying system. The system includes a section which creates a vacuum pressure that is transmitted throughout the system, a distillation/purification zone in which fluids to be distilled/purified are treated, and a collection zone in which the distilled/purified liquids are transferred. The distillation purifying process and system are effective for certain liquids, solutions, and the like and can be used for water treatment, petroleum processes, and bodily fluid treatment.

Abstract: p-Xylene cannot be separated from m-xylene by distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. p-Xylene can be separated from m-xylene by means of extractive distillation. Effective agents are 3-ethylphenol and 1,1,2-trichloroethane. Effective agents for separating mixtures of p-xylene, m-xylene and o-xylene are 2-butoxyethyl acetate and 1,1,1-trichloroethane.

Abstract: Process and apparatus for reclaiming or concentrating waste aqueous solutions of gas treating chemicals, such as alkanolamines, used for removing acid components or water vapor from natural gas. The process involves heating the waste solution under a high vacuum to form a vapor and a liquid residue. The temperature and vacuum can be varied to form a vapor consisting mainly of water vapor or a vapor containing both water vapor and vaporized gas treating chemical. The vapor is subsequently condensed or passed through a wash column to produce a concentrated solution. The liquid residue is heated by passing it through a single pass, generally co-current heater at a rate which avoids localized overheating of a liquid to a temperature above the decomposition temperature of the gas treating chemical. The heated liquid residue is then used to heat the feed waste solution by being thoroughly mixed with it, thus avoiding overheating of the feed solution.

Abstract: 3-Methyl-2-butanol is difficult to separate from 2-pentanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. 3-Methyl-2-butanol can be readily separated from 2-pentanol by azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are 2,2-dimethyl butane, ethyl acetate and dioxane.

Abstract: Apparatus and a method are disclosed for decontaminating water, using an ionizing reactor. Water contaminated by organic compounds is introduced into a chamber in which it is concurrently irradiated by microwave and an ultraviolet source to activate it by photolysis. The water is then introduced to a hydroxyl reactor chamber. An oxidizing reagent, such as hydrogen peroxide, is irradiated by subjecting it to the UV source and conducting it through the chamber, without mixing it with the water. The activated water and irradiated oxidizing reagent are then vectored to a locus at which they are mixed under UV from the source. The apparatus and method may be incorporated into a water treatment system employing existing contaminant extraction techniques, such as immiscible fluids separation and turbo-aspirated sparging.

Abstract: Ethanol is difficult to separate from isopropanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. Ethanol can be readily separated from isopropanol by azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are sec. butyl acetate, hexene-1 and 1,3-dioxolane.

Abstract: An evaporator control method for a salt manufacturing plant includes the steps of: measuring the speed of sound of in a raw solution of salt which additionally includes magnesium chloride and calcium chloride accommodated in an evaporator; calculating the combined concentration of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride according to the speed of sound based on a calibration curve; and controlling a condition of the raw solution in the evaporator according to the combined concentration of magnesium chloride and calcium chloride.

Abstract: The process of producing particulate, solid, pourable and free-flowing useful materials from water-containing preparations thereof by spray-drying in a hot gas stream under normal pressure wherein the hot gas stream is superheated steam, terminating the spray-drying of the materials before they are completely dry or damaged by heat effects, and then (a) mixing the spray-dried materials with an auxiliary component which is capable of binding residual quantities of water from the materials, or (b) further drying the spray-dried materials under conditions that will not damage the materials, or (c) post-treating the spray-dried materials in a manner as to homogenize the residual moisture in the materials.

Abstract: Ethyl benzene is difficult to separate from p-xylene by conventional distillation or rectification because of the closeness of their boiling points. Ethyl benzene can be readily separated from p-xylene by extractive distillation. An effective agent is 5-methyl-2-hexanone, also called methyl isoamyl ketone.

Abstract: Methylene chloride is difficult to separate from tetrahydrofuran by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their vapor pressures. Methylene chloride can be readily separated from tetrahydrofuran by extractive distillation. Effective agents are 1-pentanol, 1,2-butanediol and 3-nitrotoluene.

Abstract: Propylene glycol is difficult to separate from ethylene glycol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. Propylene glycol can be readily separated from ethlene glycol by azeotropic distillation. Effective agens are m-diisopropyl benzene, 1-octene, 3-carene and myrcene.

Abstract: Propylene glycol is difficult to separate from 1,2-butanediol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boling points. Propylene glycol can be readily separated from 1,2-butanediol by azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are 2,2-dimethyl butane, 3-carene and diethyl benzene.

Abstract: 2-Butanone is difficult to separate from isopropanol by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. 2-Butanone can be readily separated from isopropanol by azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are 3-methyl pentane, methyl t-amyl ether and acetonitrile.

Abstract: The present invention relates to water treatment using solar energy.The desalination plant includes an evaporator-desalter communicating with an intake system for water to be desalinated and a vapour and condensate discharge system. The evaporator is essentially at least a portion of a water pool wherein the density of water is higher than that of the water being desalinated, and mounted above the water pool are atomizers and branch pipes of the vapour and condensate discharge system. The atomizers and the branch pipes are provided with a collapsible roof. The surface of the water pool of the evaporator is covered with a film having floating elements shaped as balls.The invention can be used for water desalination in droughty and waterless coastal areas nearby the seas and oceans.

Abstract: The present invention discloses an extractive distillation process for separating HCl from pentafluoroethane, chloropentafluoroethane, chlorotrifluoroethane, trifluoromethane, and other fully saturated and unsaturated fluorocarbons, chlorofluorocarbons and chlorocarbons.

Abstract: Glycerine is difficult to separate from bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran by conventional distillation or rectification because of the proximity of their boiling points. Glycerine can be readily separated from bis(hydroxymethyl)tetrahydrofuran by azeotropic distillation. Effective agents are m-xylene, beta-pinene and dicyclopentadiene.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for purifying fatty acid amides, which contains the following process steps:neutralization of the fatty acid by addition of an aqueous alkaline solution andsubsequent distillation of the neutralized mixture.

Abstract: The invention relates to a thin-film evaporator equipped with a heatable tubular evaporator body in whose product charged interior a driven rotor is disposed which is equipped with essentially radially oriented vanes. The invention is formed from an evaporator body of at least one thick-wall graphite tube with a plurality of essentially axially extending bores disposed in the tube walls, each one of the bores open at the tube ends into an annular channel which is in communication with a connecting pipe stub for a heating medium.