Abstract: An optical path switching mechanism includes a plurality of light deflecting elements adapted to transmit an optical beam in a direct-advance direction or a perpendicular direction depending on polarizing ingredients, and a plurality of polarizing ingredient converting elements adapted to convert one ingredient of a passing optical beam into the other polarizing ingredient. The light deflecting elements are arranged such that the direct-advance optical beam forms a communication optical path commonly used by the respective light deflecting elements and at the same time the perpendicular light deflecting optical beam forms branched optical paths each for the exclusive use of the individual light deflecting element. The light polarizing ingredient converting elements are arranged on the communication optical path of the light deflecting elements such that the light polarizing ingredient converting elements are alternately disposed with the respective light deflecting elements.

Abstract: A field microscope is disclosed herein for hand-held operation having a viewer body including a pair of bores lying on a parallel spaced-apart central axis for fixedly securing an eyepiece viewer with magnifying lens in a selected one of the bores and a slidable object mount in the other of the bores. The objective mount includes a guided track on its outwardly cantilevered end for frictional mounting of a detachable slide or panel intended to hold or carry the object to be viewed. The portion of the slide or panel retaining the object is movable with respect to the central optical axis of the lens and viewer by rotation of the objective mount or by linear movement thereof with respect to the body.

Abstract: An automatic focusing microscope switchable between light-field and dark-field positions, so designed that the automatic focusing is operative in the dark-field condition or mode as well as in the light-field condition. In a first embodiment, auxiliary illumination of special wavelength (infrared or ultraviolet) used for the automatic focusing is reflected into the illumination-light ray path or beam, and in the dark-field mode the central portion of this beam is intercepted by a filter member which is opaque in the visible spectral region but transmits in the spectral region of the auxiliary illumination used for the automatic focusing function.

Abstract: An improved three mirror collimator (or telescope) having a focal plane (38) positioned on a first side of the optical axis (44) and which directs a diverging beam of radiation upon concave tertiary mirror (36) which is also positioned on the first side of optical axis (44) and which reflects the received radiation to an on-axis convex secondary mirror (34) in a converging pattern. Secondary mirror (34) reflects the received radiation in a first converging, then diverging pattern upon concave primary mirror (32) which is positioned on the second side of optical axis (44). Primary mirror (32) reflects the received radiation as a collimated beam to the real entrance pupil (30) which is located either on or near the optical axis but which need not be precisely centered on the optical axis. When used as a telescope the radiation enters the entrance pupil (30) as a collimated beam and is received by primary mirror (32).

Abstract: An electro-optical light modulator having a reduced piezo-optical effect by providing a plurality of optically series-connected modulator crystals having geometric dimension differing from one another such that for pulse control the overlapping of acoustical transients generated in the individual modulator crystals is excluded, along the beam path and where periodical control is used, the overlapping of the piezo-electrical resonant frequencies of the individual modulator crystal is excluded.

Abstract: A microscope support foot (10) includes a central portion (14) and two lateral portions (15, 16), which form receiving chambers (19, 20, 21) by means of separating walls (17, 18) extending as far as a base plate (23). The optical components for an illumination arrangement (28) are disposed in receiving chamber (20) so as to be protected from dust by a seal (25), and the electronic components are disposed in a heat-dissipating manner in the receiving chamber (21), so that the heat-emitting components are in contact with the base plate (23) which is made of heat-dissipating material. This base plate and the lateral portion (16) have ventilation slits (42, 42'). A drive unit (36) for the adjustment of the successviely arranged aperture stop and light field stop (30, 31) is secured in the receiving chamber (19) in such a manner that the adjusting arrangement is accessible from outside and is disposed at a convenient distance from a focussing arrangement (13).

Abstract: The autonomous power supply for observation device with capacitive-effect electrooptical cells includes a low-voltage power source, clock or synchronization circuits, switches and circuits processing the clock signals or synchronization to control circuit creating intermittent high voltage.

Abstract: A lens sleeve designed to float in a lens holder. A focussing device with a servomotor and an eccentric fixed directly at the lens sleeve, with said eccentric gripping below a collar of a lens guided in the lens sleeve.

Abstract: A lens barrel includes a stationary tube secured to the inner side of a stationary lens barrel member with a given space kept between them, and a motor disposed within the space. A helicoidal surface is arranged along the inner circumference of the stationary tube to be in screwed engagement with the helicoidal surface of a lens-carrying frame arranged to carry lenses which are shiftable in the direction of their optic axis, and a connecting member extends to the inner circumference of the stationary tube to cause the rotation of a rotary tube which has a toothed part engaging the output gear of the motor to be transmitted to the lens-carrying frame.

Abstract: A hand-held microscope has two articulated members movable towards and away from each other for focusing. One member holds a specimen to be examined and has an object aperture with which the specimen is aligned during use. The other member has a lens aperture aligned with the object aperture and bears a lens member having at least two different lenses thereon and which is rotatably mounted thereon for bringing any one of the lenses into alignment with the object aperture.

Abstract: A device for retaining a lens by a lens holding frame is disclosed, which comprises a plurality of non-adhesion portions formed on an outer periphery of the lens an inner periphery of the frame, and an adhesive inserted into portions other than the non-adhesion portions between the lens and the frame.

Abstract: An electrooptic shutter array element has a light transmissive substrate, a pair of electrodes having a plurality of opposed terminal portions formed on the substrate, a light shading mask provided with a plurality of windows corresponding to the opposed pairs of terminal portions of the electrodes, and a pair of polarizing plates provided in front and behind the substrate. The terminal portions and windows are properly arranged to distribute an electric field within each of the window areas so that the transmittance of the shutter array element is substantially constant regardless of a temperature change.

Abstract: The apparatus contained in a single housing (1) comprises a first movable input reflector (4) and a second input reflector (5) for causing the input light beams to deviate along the optical axis (11) of the night path and optical axis (7) of the day path, respectively. The night path is constituted by an objective (12), a light intensifier tube (13) and a bent ocular (14) and the day path is constituted by an optical system having a second output reflector (9). The optical axes of the night path and of the day path extend in a sagittal plane (7, 11) of the carrying vehicle; on the other hand, the first input reflector and the second output reflector are alternately concealable by manipulation of the second output reflector. For viewing by night the first input reflector in the active position is situated before the second input reflector, the second output reflector being in the concealed position.

Abstract: An optically bistable, nonlinear optical device that produces an output that follows two hysteresis loops for an optical intensity variation input at a given frequency. One hysteresis loop follows a clockwise path of development, the other follows a counterclockwise path when the input field or optical intensity is ramped to a large value and returned again to a small value. These features of the device are effectively engineered by controlling the temperature of the input and output faces of the device, allowing optical logic gating and multiplex operation.

Abstract: A drive and support structure of an objective lens, for an optical information reading system for example, has a very much simplified construction. An objective lens and a focusing coil fixed thereto is placed in a hollow space formed in a magnetic circuit without any pole piece projecting into the focusing coil generally used in conventional arrangements. With this simplified construction, the total weight of driven parts is vary much reduced to improve a follow-up characteristic of a focus servo control system. At the same time, the size of the drive and support structure is made much smaller than conventional arrangement both in its diameter and its height.

Abstract: A lens is provided with first and second coupling means which are arranged at both ends of the lens barrel of the lens in the direction of the optical axis thereof so that the lens can be turned round and mounted in a reversed posture on a camera to permit macro-photography.

Abstract: An optical image bar utilizing polarized light and a coherent spatial light modulator, includes birefrigent spatial or angular shearing means for uniformly dividing the spatially modulated radiation of a coherent image bar into a pair of laterally offset, redundantly modulated, orthogonally polarized optical field distributions. Imaging optics, which include any spatial filtering and/or polarization filtering elements needed for converting those field distributions into correspondingly modulated spatial intensity distributions, bring the filtered field distributions to focus on an output image plane, thereby producing redundantly modulated, laterally offset, intensity profiles on the output image plane which spatially sum with each other on an intensity basis.

Abstract: The present invention provides in one embodiment a Newtonian type reflecting telescope, preferably using a primary parabolic reflecting mirror, in which a meniscus lens is used to simultaneously correct for coma aberrations of both the primary reflector and of an eyepiece lens used for viewing the image, as well as for spherical aberration of the eyepiece. In some embodiments, the meniscus correcting lens is moveably mounted so that in one position it is used in connection with a viewing eyepiece, correcting the above-mentioned aberrations of primary reflector and eyepiece; while in a second position this same correcting lens is used with a lensless camera mounted on the telescope, in this case properly correcting the system only for the coma of the primary reflector. In all cases, the field of view, and magnification, of the telescope remains unchanged or only negligibly changed. In some additional embodiments, power is added to the meniscus lens to provide a new type of powered corrector.

Abstract: A microscope includes a stand with an upright. A generally L-shaped motion box is movable along the upright. A vertical portion of the motion box surrounds the upright, while its horizontal section provides a support for the microscope optical system. An objective is fixed to the bottom of the support. The top of the support includes a guide for an optical support carrying a binocular tube. The optical support and the binocular tube of the microscope are displaceable or movable relative to the fixed objective. With this microscope, the same point on an object can be observed with the same image quality, despite whether the object point is observed in a stereoscopic, monocular or binocular manner.

Abstract: An electrochromic display composed of a transparent electroconductive membrane, an electrochromic membrane, an ion-exchange membrane and a counter electrode in a laminated structure. The ion-exchange membrane is a bipolar ion-exchange membrane composed of at least one cation-exchange membrane layer having cation-exchange groups and at least one anion-exchange membrane layer containing anion-exchange groups in a laminated structure. The electrochromic display has a superior response speed, contrast and resolving power as well as a long service life.