Abstract: An apparatus for irradiating blood or blood products, preferably with ultra violet or visible light, to reduce contaminants in the blood or blood products. A removable radiometer having light integrating chambers detects the light intensity, allowing the radiation characteristics of the apparatus to be calibrated. The light chambers have an aluminum reflecting surface prepared by machining, grit blasting, polishing and plasma treatment including plasma cleaning and oxidation.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are disclosed for causing ion bombardment of the substrate during sputter deposition of an insulating or conducting material on a substrate (3) when using dual cathode or dual anode sputtering approaches. A novel electrical circuit including a center-tapped transformer is disclosed to permit a controllable potential to be applied to the substrate relative to the plasma potential, without the necessity of an additional power supply. Also disclosed are approaches which permit the use of an auxiliary biasing supply (8), either dc or high frequency ac, and which can permit continuous discharging of the surface through alternate ion and electron bombardment.